1. Abdul-Jabbar, N.I., Khandan-Mirkohi, A., Salami, S.A., Saremi, H., Shahbazi, S. (2025). Enhancing freesia (Freesia armstrongii) growth and yield through Trichoderma-mediated biocontrol of Fusarium wilt. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 12(1), 43-58.

2. Abobatta, W., Abd Alla, M. (2023). Role of phosphates fertilizers in sustain horticulture production: Growth and productivity of vegetable crops. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(17), 1. [DOI:10.3923/ajar.2023.1.7]

3. Ahmad, I., Tanveer, M.U., Liaqat, M., Dole, J.M. (2019). Comparison of corm soaks with preharvest foliar application of moringa leaf extract for improving growth and yield of cut Freesia hybrida. Scientia Horticulturae, 254, 21-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.074]

4. Ali, T., Khattak, A.M., Amin, N.U., Khan, M.A. (2011). Response of freesia cultivars to different growing media under Peshawar conditions. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 27(1), 43-49.

5. Almeida, G.M., Silva, A.A.D., Batista, P.F., Moura, L.M.D.F., Vital, R.G., Costa, A.C. (2020). Hydrogen sulfide, potassium phosphite and zinc sulfate as alleviators of drought stress in sunflower plants. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 44, e006320. [DOI:10.1590/1413-7054202044006320]

6. Atowa, D.I. (2012). Effect of growing media, organic and bio-fertilizers on growth and flowering of Freesia refracta cv. Red Lion. MS Thesis, Cairo University, Egypt.

7. Azimi, M.H. 2023. Intervarietal hybridization and observation of high-quality offspring of cut freesia flowers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 10(1), 11-22.

8. Baas, R., Brandts, A., Straver, N. (1995). Growth regulation of bedding plants and poinsettia using low phosphorus fertilization and ebb-and flow irrigation. Acta Horticulturae, 378(378), 129-137. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.378.17]

9. Bakly, S.A. (1974). Effect of fertilization treatments and dates on production of freesia corms. Agricultural Research Review, 52, 101-108.

10. Bazaraa, W.M. (2018). Improving the growth, flowering and corm production of Freesia refracta cv. Red Lion by using some growing media and fertilization treatments. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 7(4), 1381-1394.

11. Blok, C., Kromwijk, J.A.M. (2014). Freesia op substraat: praktijkproeven 2013 en 2014. (Rapport / Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw; No. 1309), 22p. Bleiswijk: Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw (in Dutch).

12. Chtouki, M., Laaziz, F., Naciri, R., Garré, S., Nguyen, F., Oukarroum, A. (2022). Interactive effect of soil moisture content and phosphorus fertilizer form on chickpea growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6671. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-10703-0]

13. Dole, J.M., Wilkins, H.F. (2005). Floriculture: Principles and Species, 2nd ed.; Prentice Hall Inc.: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.

14. Drew, M.C., Stolzy, L.W. (1991) Growth under oxygen stress. In: Waisel Y., Eshel A., Kafkafi U. (Eds.) Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, M. Dekker, New York, 331-350.

15. El-Hanafy, S.H., Helmy, S.S., Dahab, A.A., Metwally, N.E., Hamed, W.R. (2018). Evaluating different soilless culture substrates for growth, flowering and quality of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus). Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 7(3), 944-957.

16. Fischer, R. A., Rees, D., Sayre, K. D., Lu, Z. M., Condon, A. G., Saavedra, A. L. (1998). Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Science, 38(6), 1467-1475. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183X003800060011x]

17. FloraHolland, R. (2018). Royal FloraHolland Annual Report 2017.

18. Gruda, N.S. (2019). Increasing sustainability of growing media constituents and stand-alone substrates in soilless culture systems. Agronomy, 9, 298. [DOI:10.3390/agronomy9060298]

19. Hoagland, D.R., Arnon, D.I. (1950). The Water-Culture Method of Growing Plants without Soil, Circular 347, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Berkeley, CA.

20. Hourani, W. (2023). Effect of fertilizers on growth and productivity of saffron: a review. Agronomy Research, 21(1), 87-105.

21. Iqbal, A., Huiping, G., Qiang, D., Xiangru, W., Hengheng, Z., Xiling, Z., Meizhen, S. (2023). Differential responses of contrasting low phosphorus tolerant cotton genotypes under low phosphorus and drought stress. BMC Plant Biology, 23(1), 168. [DOI:10.1186/s12870-023-04171-5]

22. Isidra-Arellano, M.C., Delaux, P.M., Valdés-López, O. (2021). The phosphate starvation response system: its role in the regulation of plant-microbe interactions. Plant and Cell Physiology, 62(3), 392-400. [DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcab016]

23. Jabbar, A., Tehranifar, A., Shoor, M., Nemati, S.H. (2018). Effect of different media on some growth, flowering and biochemical parameters of two cultivars of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) under soilless conditions. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 8(3), 205-215.

24. Khalaf, Y.F., Saeed, A.K.A.M. (2020). Response of freesia (Freesia hybrida) to growth medium and foliar spray with marine algae extract (alga plant). Plant Archives, 20(2), 65-70.

25. Khalaj, M.A., Azimi, M.H., Yousefbeigi, A. (2023). Effect of different growing media on morpho-physiological, biochemical and nutrient uptake characteristics of amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp.) under vegetative growth period. Plant Production, 45(4), 519-531.

26. Khan, S., Jan, I., Ullah, H., Iqbal, J., Iqbal, S., Shah, S.H.A., Khan, A.A. (2016). Influence of phosphorus and bulb size on flower and bulblet production of tuberose. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 16(1), 191-197.

27. Khandaker, M.M., Rahmat, S., Alias, N., Mohd, K.S., Nashriyah, M.A.T. (2019). The effects of different growing media on growth, flowering and quality of Petunia grandiflora. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(3), 373-383. [DOI:10.15832/ankutbd.407900]

28. Koocheki, A., Seyyedi, S.M., Eyni, M.J. (2014). Irrigation levels and dense planting affect flower yield and phosphorus concentration of saffron corms under semi-arid region of Mashhad, Northeast Iran. Scientia Horticulturae, 180, 147-155. [DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.10.031]

29. Kromwijk, J.A.M., Os, E.A. (2020). Advances in soilless culture of ornamentals. In: Gruda N.S. (Ed.). Advances in horticultural soilless culture. Cambridge: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 442p.

30. Lee, J.J. (2017). Effect of substrates on the growth and flowering of Freesia hybrid 'Gold Rich' in nutrient culture. Horticultural Science & Technology, 35(1), 30-37. [DOI:10.12972/kjhst.20170004]

31. Lee, K.H., Hahm, S.S., Oh, S.H., Lee, E.M. (2008). Optimum nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in nutrient solutions for oriental hybrid lily bulb production for forcing. Acta Horticulturae, 129-134. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.766.15]

32. Legnani, G., Watkins, C.B., Miller, W.B. (2004). Light, moisture, and atmosphere interact to affect the quality of dry-sale lily bulbs. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 34(1), 93-103. [DOI:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2004.02.012]

33. Li, L., Pan, S., Melzer, R., Fricke, W. (2020). Apoplastic barriers, aquaporin gene expression and root and cell hydraulic conductivity in phosphate‐limited sheepgrass plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 168(1), 118-132. [DOI:10.1111/ppl.12981]

34. Lopez, G., Ahmadi, S.H., Amelung, W., Athmann, M., Ewert, F., Gaiser, T., Gocke, M.I., Kautz, T., Postma, J. Rachmilevitch, S., Schaaf, G., Schnepf, A., Stoschus, A., Watt, M., Yu, P., Sabine, S.J. (2023). Nutrient deficiency effects on root architecture and root-to-shoot ratio in arable crops. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1067498. [DOI:10.3389/fpls.2022.1067498]

35. Ma, Q., Wang, X., Yuan, W., Tang, H., Luan, M. (2021). The optimal concentration of KH2PO4 enhances nutrient uptake and flower production in rose plants via enhanced root growth. Agriculture, 11(12), 1210. [DOI:10.3390/agriculture11121210]

36. Maggio, A., Raimondi, G., Martino, A., De Pascale, S. (2006). Soilless cultivation of saffron in Mediterranean environment. Acta Horticulturae, 718, 515-522. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.718.60]

37. Majdi Nasab, H., Siadat, S.A., Naderi, A., Lack, S., Modhej, A. (2014). The effects of drought stress and nitrogen levels on yield, stomatal conductance and temperature stability of rapeseed (canola) genotypes. Advances in Environmental Biology, 1239-1248.

38. Mosa, H.F., Abdulrahman, Y.A. (2022). Response of freesia (Freesia refracta L.) plant to different growth media, calcium chloride and gibberellic acid. Journal of Duhok University, 25(2), 144-154. [DOI:10.26682/ajuod.2022.25.2.13]

39. Nagarajah, S., Ratnasuriya, G.B. (1978). The effect of phosphorus and potassium deficiencies on transpiration in tea (Camellia sinensis). Physiologia Plantarum, 42(1), 103-108. [DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1978.tb01547.x]

40. Nazari, F., Farahmand, H., Khosh-Khui, M., Salehi, H. (2011). Effects of coir as a component of potting media on growth, flowering and physiological characteristics of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. Sonbol-e-Irani). International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 1(2), 34-38.

41. Pollock, R.D. 1975. Flower crops in peat substrates. Acta Horticulturae, 151,107-113. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.1975.51.12]

42. Raviv, M., Lieth, J.H., Burger, D.W., Wallach, R. (2001). Optimization of transpiration and potential growth rates of 'Kardinal' rose with respect to root-zone physical properties. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 126(5), 638-643. [DOI:10.21273/JASHS.126.5.638]

43. Resh, H.M. (2013). Hydroponic Food Production: A Definitive Guidebook for the Advanced Home Gardener and the Commercial Hydroponic Grower. CRC press.

44. Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T., Holaday, A.S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas‐exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30(1), 105-111. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000010025x]

45. Roorda van Eysinga, J.P.N.L., Nederpel, W.A.C. (1984). Nutrient disorders of freesias. Symptoms of deficiency and excess through playing about with elements. Vakblad voor de Bloemisterij, 39(22), 46-49

46. Samartzidis, C., Awada, T., Maloupa, E., Radoglou, K., Constantinidou, H.I. (2005). Rose productivity and physiological responses to different substrates for soil-less culture. Scientia Horticulturae, 106(2), 203-212. [DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2005.02.020]

47. Scagel, C.F., Schreiner, R.P. (2006). Phosphorus supply alters tuber composition, flower production, and mycorrhizal responsiveness of container-grown hybrid Zantedeschia. Plant and Soil, 283, 323-337. [DOI:10.1007/s11104-006-0022-3]

48. Shimshi, D. (1970). The effect of nitrogen supply on transpiration and stomatal behaviour of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). New Phytologist, 69(2), 405-412. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02439.x]

49. Tariq, A., Pan, K., Olatunji, O.A., Graciano, C., Li, Z., Li, N., Song, D., Sun, F., Wu, X., Dakhil, M.A, Sun, X., Zhang, L. (2019). Impact of phosphorus application on drought resistant responses of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, 166(4), 894-908. [DOI:10.1111/ppl.12868]

50. Thomas, M., Matheson, S., Spurway, M. (1998). Nutrition of container‐grown freesias. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 21(12), 2485-2496. [DOI:10.1080/01904169809365581]

51. Torralbo, F., González-Moro, M.B., Baroja-Fernández, E., Aranjuelo, I., González-Murua, C. (2019). Differential regulation of stomatal conductance as a strategy to cope with ammonium fertilizer under ambient versus elevated CO2. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 597. [DOI:10.3389/fpls.2019.00597]

52. Van Os, E.A., Beerling, E.A.M., Blok, C., Janse, J., Leyh, R., van Ruijven, J.P.M., van der Staaij, M., Kaarsemaker, R. (2019). Zero discharge of nutrients and pesticides to the environment in hydroponic production. Acta Horticulturae, 1266, 443-450. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2019.1266.61]

53. Vianii, G., Caldiz, D.O. (2021). Phosphorus use efficiency, tuber yield and quality in potato processing varieties grown under different P levels in the Argentinian Pampas. Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa, 25(2), 39-54.

54. Wilson, S.B., Stoffella, P.J. Graetz, D.A. (2003). Compost amended media and irrigation system influence containerized perennial Salvia. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 128(2), 260-268. [DOI:10.21273/JASHS.128.2.260]

55. Yan, Z., Wu, Y., Sun, Y., Tang, D. (2018). Study on compound substrate cultivation of Freesia hybrida. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (Beijing), 20(8), 149-154.

56. Zhang, Y., Li, T.T., Wang, L.F., Guo, J.X., Lu, K.K., Song, R.F., Zuo, J.X., Chen, H.H., Liu, W.C. (2022). Abscisic acid facilitates phosphate acquisition through the transcription factor ABA INSENSITIVE5 in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal, 111(1), 269-281. [DOI:10.1111/tpj.15791]

57. Zhu, K., Wang, A., Wu, J., Yuan, F., Guan, D., Jin, C., Zhang, Y., Gong, C. (2020). Effects of nitrogen additions on mesophyll and stomatal conductance in Manchurian ash and Mongolian oak. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 10038. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-66886-x]

58. Abdul-Jabbar, N.I., Khandan-Mirkohi, A., Salami, S.A., Saremi, H., Shahbazi, S. (2025). Enhancing freesia (Freesia armstrongii) growth and yield through Trichoderma-mediated biocontrol of Fusarium wilt. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 12(1), 43-58.

59. Abobatta, W., Abd Alla, M. (2023). Role of phosphates fertilizers in sustain horticulture production: Growth and productivity of vegetable crops. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(17), 1. [DOI:10.3923/ajar.2023.1.7]

60. Ahmad, I., Tanveer, M.U., Liaqat, M., Dole, J.M. (2019). Comparison of corm soaks with preharvest foliar application of moringa leaf extract for improving growth and yield of cut Freesia hybrida. Scientia Horticulturae, 254, 21-25. [DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.074]

61. Ali, T., Khattak, A.M., Amin, N.U., Khan, M.A. (2011). Response of freesia cultivars to different growing media under Peshawar conditions. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 27(1), 43-49.

62. Almeida, G.M., Silva, A.A.D., Batista, P.F., Moura, L.M.D.F., Vital, R.G., Costa, A.C. (2020). Hydrogen sulfide, potassium phosphite and zinc sulfate as alleviators of drought stress in sunflower plants. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 44, e006320. [DOI:10.1590/1413-7054202044006320]

63. Atowa, D.I. (2012). Effect of growing media, organic and bio-fertilizers on growth and flowering of Freesia refracta cv. Red Lion. MS Thesis, Cairo University, Egypt.

64. Azimi, M.H. 2023. Intervarietal hybridization and observation of high-quality offspring of cut freesia flowers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 10(1), 11-22.

65. Baas, R., Brandts, A., Straver, N. (1995). Growth regulation of bedding plants and poinsettia using low phosphorus fertilization and ebb-and flow irrigation. Acta Horticulturae, 378(378), 129-137. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.378.17]

66. Bakly, S.A. (1974). Effect of fertilization treatments and dates on production of freesia corms. Agricultural Research Review, 52, 101-108.

67. Bazaraa, W.M. (2018). Improving the growth, flowering and corm production of Freesia refracta cv. Red Lion by using some growing media and fertilization treatments. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 7(4), 1381-1394.

68. Blok, C., Kromwijk, J.A.M. (2014). Freesia op substraat: praktijkproeven 2013 en 2014. (Rapport / Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw; No. 1309), 22p. Bleiswijk: Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw (in Dutch).

69. Chtouki, M., Laaziz, F., Naciri, R., Garré, S., Nguyen, F., Oukarroum, A. (2022). Interactive effect of soil moisture content and phosphorus fertilizer form on chickpea growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6671. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-10703-0]

70. Dole, J.M., Wilkins, H.F. (2005). Floriculture: Principles and Species, 2nd ed.; Prentice Hall Inc.: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.

71. Drew, M.C., Stolzy, L.W. (1991) Growth under oxygen stress. In: Waisel Y., Eshel A., Kafkafi U. (Eds.) Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, M. Dekker, New York, 331-350.

72. El-Hanafy, S.H., Helmy, S.S., Dahab, A.A., Metwally, N.E., Hamed, W.R. (2018). Evaluating different soilless culture substrates for growth, flowering and quality of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus). Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 7(3), 944-957.

73. Fischer, R. A., Rees, D., Sayre, K. D., Lu, Z. M., Condon, A. G., Saavedra, A. L. (1998). Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Science, 38(6), 1467-1475. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183X003800060011x]

74. FloraHolland, R. (2018). Royal FloraHolland Annual Report 2017.

75. Gruda, N.S. (2019). Increasing sustainability of growing media constituents and stand-alone substrates in soilless culture systems. Agronomy, 9, 298. [DOI:10.3390/agronomy9060298]

76. Hoagland, D.R., Arnon, D.I. (1950). The Water-Culture Method of Growing Plants without Soil, Circular 347, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Berkeley, CA.

77. Hourani, W. (2023). Effect of fertilizers on growth and productivity of saffron: a review. Agronomy Research, 21(1), 87-105.

78. Iqbal, A., Huiping, G., Qiang, D., Xiangru, W., Hengheng, Z., Xiling, Z., Meizhen, S. (2023). Differential responses of contrasting low phosphorus tolerant cotton genotypes under low phosphorus and drought stress. BMC Plant Biology, 23(1), 168. [DOI:10.1186/s12870-023-04171-5]

79. Isidra-Arellano, M.C., Delaux, P.M., Valdés-López, O. (2021). The phosphate starvation response system: its role in the regulation of plant-microbe interactions. Plant and Cell Physiology, 62(3), 392-400. [DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcab016]

80. Jabbar, A., Tehranifar, A., Shoor, M., Nemati, S.H. (2018). Effect of different media on some growth, flowering and biochemical parameters of two cultivars of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) under soilless conditions. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 8(3), 205-215.

81. Khalaf, Y.F., Saeed, A.K.A.M. (2020). Response of freesia (Freesia hybrida) to growth medium and foliar spray with marine algae extract (alga plant). Plant Archives, 20(2), 65-70.

82. Khalaj, M.A., Azimi, M.H., Yousefbeigi, A. (2023). Effect of different growing media on morpho-physiological, biochemical and nutrient uptake characteristics of amaryllis (Hippeastrum spp.) under vegetative growth period. Plant Production, 45(4), 519-531.

83. Khan, S., Jan, I., Ullah, H., Iqbal, J., Iqbal, S., Shah, S.H.A., Khan, A.A. (2016). Influence of phosphorus and bulb size on flower and bulblet production of tuberose. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 16(1), 191-197.

84. Khandaker, M.M., Rahmat, S., Alias, N., Mohd, K.S., Nashriyah, M.A.T. (2019). The effects of different growing media on growth, flowering and quality of Petunia grandiflora. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(3), 373-383. [DOI:10.15832/ankutbd.407900]

85. Koocheki, A., Seyyedi, S.M., Eyni, M.J. (2014). Irrigation levels and dense planting affect flower yield and phosphorus concentration of saffron corms under semi-arid region of Mashhad, Northeast Iran. Scientia Horticulturae, 180, 147-155. [DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.10.031]

86. Kromwijk, J.A.M., Os, E.A. (2020). Advances in soilless culture of ornamentals. In: Gruda N.S. (Ed.). Advances in horticultural soilless culture. Cambridge: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 442p.

87. Lee, J.J. (2017). Effect of substrates on the growth and flowering of Freesia hybrid 'Gold Rich' in nutrient culture. Horticultural Science & Technology, 35(1), 30-37. [DOI:10.12972/kjhst.20170004]

88. Lee, K.H., Hahm, S.S., Oh, S.H., Lee, E.M. (2008). Optimum nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations in nutrient solutions for oriental hybrid lily bulb production for forcing. Acta Horticulturae, 129-134. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.766.15]

89. Legnani, G., Watkins, C.B., Miller, W.B. (2004). Light, moisture, and atmosphere interact to affect the quality of dry-sale lily bulbs. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 34(1), 93-103. [DOI:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2004.02.012]

90. Li, L., Pan, S., Melzer, R., Fricke, W. (2020). Apoplastic barriers, aquaporin gene expression and root and cell hydraulic conductivity in phosphate‐limited sheepgrass plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 168(1), 118-132. [DOI:10.1111/ppl.12981]

91. Lopez, G., Ahmadi, S.H., Amelung, W., Athmann, M., Ewert, F., Gaiser, T., Gocke, M.I., Kautz, T., Postma, J. Rachmilevitch, S., Schaaf, G., Schnepf, A., Stoschus, A., Watt, M., Yu, P., Sabine, S.J. (2023). Nutrient deficiency effects on root architecture and root-to-shoot ratio in arable crops. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1067498. [DOI:10.3389/fpls.2022.1067498]

92. Ma, Q., Wang, X., Yuan, W., Tang, H., Luan, M. (2021). The optimal concentration of KH2PO4 enhances nutrient uptake and flower production in rose plants via enhanced root growth. Agriculture, 11(12), 1210. [DOI:10.3390/agriculture11121210]

93. Maggio, A., Raimondi, G., Martino, A., De Pascale, S. (2006). Soilless cultivation of saffron in Mediterranean environment. Acta Horticulturae, 718, 515-522. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.718.60]

94. Majdi Nasab, H., Siadat, S.A., Naderi, A., Lack, S., Modhej, A. (2014). The effects of drought stress and nitrogen levels on yield, stomatal conductance and temperature stability of rapeseed (canola) genotypes. Advances in Environmental Biology, 1239-1248.

95. Mosa, H.F., Abdulrahman, Y.A. (2022). Response of freesia (Freesia refracta L.) plant to different growth media, calcium chloride and gibberellic acid. Journal of Duhok University, 25(2), 144-154. [DOI:10.26682/ajuod.2022.25.2.13]

96. Nagarajah, S., Ratnasuriya, G.B. (1978). The effect of phosphorus and potassium deficiencies on transpiration in tea (Camellia sinensis). Physiologia Plantarum, 42(1), 103-108. [DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1978.tb01547.x]

97. Nazari, F., Farahmand, H., Khosh-Khui, M., Salehi, H. (2011). Effects of coir as a component of potting media on growth, flowering and physiological characteristics of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis L. cv. Sonbol-e-Irani). International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 1(2), 34-38.

98. Pollock, R.D. 1975. Flower crops in peat substrates. Acta Horticulturae, 151,107-113. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.1975.51.12]

99. Raviv, M., Lieth, J.H., Burger, D.W., Wallach, R. (2001). Optimization of transpiration and potential growth rates of 'Kardinal' rose with respect to root-zone physical properties. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science, 126(5), 638-643. [DOI:10.21273/JASHS.126.5.638]

100. Resh, H.M. (2013). Hydroponic Food Production: A Definitive Guidebook for the Advanced Home Gardener and the Commercial Hydroponic Grower. CRC press.

101. Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T., Holaday, A.S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas‐exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30(1), 105-111. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000010025x]

102. Roorda van Eysinga, J.P.N.L., Nederpel, W.A.C. (1984). Nutrient disorders of freesias. Symptoms of deficiency and excess through playing about with elements. Vakblad voor de Bloemisterij, 39(22), 46-49

103. Samartzidis, C., Awada, T., Maloupa, E., Radoglou, K., Constantinidou, H.I. (2005). Rose productivity and physiological responses to different substrates for soil-less culture. Scientia Horticulturae, 106(2), 203-212. [DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2005.02.020]

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