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:: Volume 9, Issue 1 (Spring and Summer 2024) ::
FOP 2024, 9(1): 1-16 Back to browse issues page
Effect of selenium foliar application on the morphophysiological characteristics and enzyme activities of English daisy (Bellis perennis) under water deficit stress
Aliakbar Jabari , Elham Danaee *
Islamic Azad University Garmsar Branch
Abstract:   (1453 Views)
English daisy (Bellis perennis) is a perennial and autumn plant that is one of the best options for rock gardens, garden borders, and window pots due to its abundant flowers and long flowering period. Water deficit is one of the factors affecting the quantity and quality of plants. Today, various compounds are used to increase the tolerance of plants to environmental stresses; one of these compounds is selenium, which increases the plant's tolerance to stress by increasing antioxidant compounds and enzymes. To investigate the effect of selenium foliar application on the growth, physiological and enzymatic activity of English daisy (Bellis perennis) under water deficit stress, an experiment was conducted at Karaj, Iran. The treatments included drought stress (control (no stress), 75, 50 and 25% field capacity) and foliar application of selenium in a form of selenat sodium (zero, 50 and 100 mg L-1). Water deficit stress was applied at the 6-8 leaf stage and selenium foliar application was performed in two stages, the first stage was carried out at 6-8 leaf stage and the second stage was done with a time interval of two weeks after the first stage foliar spraying, and finally sampling was done at the full flowering stage. The results showed that the treatments had significant effects on the evaluated traits. The highest fresh and dry weights of aerial parts (16.42-135.17 g), and cell membrane stability index (84.35%) were observed in the treatment of control field capacity and selenium 50 mg L-1. The highest fresh and dry weights of roots (5.28-39.46 g), petal anthocyanin level (0.92 mg g-1 FW petal), protein (34.2 μg g-1 FW petal), catalase activity (68 5.1 enzyme units g-1 FW petal), superoxide dismutase (3.27 enzyme units g-1 FW petal) and peroxidase (10.32 enzyme units g-1 FW petal) were obtained in 75% fild capacity and 50 mg L-1 selenium. The highest total chlorophyll content (6.43 mg g-1 FW leaf) in the treatment of 50% field capacity and 50 mg L-1selenium and the highest amount of proline (37.45 mg g-1 DW leaf) in the treatment of 25% field capacity and selenium were observed at 100 mg L-1. According to the results of this research, it can be stated that selenium foliar application (50 mg L-1) in all levels of water deficit stress improved the growth, physiological characteristics and enzyme activities of English daisy under water deficit stress.
Keywords: Anthocyanin, Bellis perennis, Field capacity, Protein
Full-Text [PDF 899 kb]   (343 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2023/09/8 | Accepted: 2024/01/13 | Published: 2024/06/5
References
1. Abdossi, V., Danaee, E. (2019). Effects of Some Amino Acids and Organic Acids on Enzymatic Activity and Longevity of Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Tessino on at Pre-Harvest Stage. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 9(2), 93-104.
2. Abedini, M., Garebaghi, M., Moradkhani, S. (2021). The effect of root and foliar application of selenium on some physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salt stress. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 16(62), 95-108. (In Persian).
3. Aghaie, P., Tafreshi, S. A. H., Ebrahimi, M. A., Haerinasab, M. (2018) Tolerance evaluation and clustering of fourteen tomato cultivars grown under mild and severe drought conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 232, 1-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.041]
4. Ahmadizadeh, M., Valizadeh, M., Zaefizadeh, M., Shahbazi, H. (2011). Antioxidative protection and electrolyte leakage in Durum wheat under drought stress condition. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(3), 236-246.
5. Allahverdizadeh, S., Danaee, E. (2023). Effect of humic acid and vermicompost on Some vegetative indices and proline content of Catharanthus roseous under low water stress. Environment and Water Engineering, 9 (1), 141-152. (In Persian).
6. Aminifard, M. H., homeyra, H., bayat, H., Samadzade, A. R. (2020). Investigation of antioxidant activities and biochemical characteristics of drought-stressed fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) in response to biopotasse and iron sulfate. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 15(57), 39-52. (In Persian).
7. Asgarian, H., Abdossi, V., Danaee, E., Ladan Moghadam, A. (2021). Effects of using humic acid and selenium on some morphophysiological characteristics of Calendula officinalis L. under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 37(4), 596-611. (In Persian).
8. Baghalian, K., Abdoshah, SH., Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F., Paknejad, F. (2011). Physiological and phytochemical response to drought stress of German chamomile (Matricari arecutita L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49(20), 201-207. [DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.11.010]
9. Bahreininejad, B. Razmjoo, J. & Mirza, M .(2013). Influence of water stress on morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits in Thymus daenensis. International Journal of Plant Production, 7 (1), 151-166.
10. Beiramnvand, F., Zahedi, B., Rezaei Nejad, A. (2023). Investigation of the effect of selenium foliar application on morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of ornamental salvia under irrigation regime. Plant Process and Function, 11 (47), 323-339. (In Persian).
11. Bybordi, A. (2016). Effect of Zeolite, Selenium and Silicon on yield, yield components and some physiological traits of Canola under salt stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 14(1), 154-170. (In Persian).
12. Cohen-Sandler, R., Furness, T., Gearing, S., Moore, J. (2016). Negative effects of pollution on English daisy (Bellis perennis) height and flower number. Journal of Emerging Investigators.1-5. [DOI:10.59720/15-050]
13. Dareini, H., Abdossi, V., Danaee, E. (2014). Effect of some essential oils on postharvest quality and vase life of gerbera cut flowers (Gerbera Jamesonii cv. Sorbet). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(3), 276-280.
14. Ebrahimi, M., Zamani, G., Alizadeh, Z. (2017). A study on the effects of water deficit on physiological and yield-related traits of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 33(3), 492-508. (In Persian).
15. Fabriki ourang, S., Mehrabad-Pourbenab, S. (2016). The effects of drought and salt stresses on some morphological and biochemical parameters of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(3), 23-35. (In Persian).
16. Feng, R., Wei, C., Tu, S. (2013). The roles of selenium in protecting plants against abiotic stresses. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 87, 58-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.09.002]
17. Gholami, S., Amini Dehaghi, M., Rezazadeh, A. R. (2021). Effect of different concentrations of selenium on germination characteristics and proline content of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd ) under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 14(4), 1029-1040. (In Persian).
18. Ghorbani, N., Moradi, H., Kanani, M., Ashnavar, M. (2022). Total flavonoids and phenolic compounds of English daisy (Bellis Perennis L.) affected by foliar application of Nano-Phosphorus fertilizers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 9(4), 405-414.
19. Hajiboland, R., Keivanfar, N., Jodmand, A., Rezaei, H., Nezhadmohammad, Y. 2014. Effect of selenium treatment on drought tolerance of canola plant. Journal of Plant Research, 27(4): 557-568. (In Persian).
20. Hosseinzadeh Rostam Kalaei, M, Abdossi, V, Danaee, E. (2021). Investigation of different selenium sources on phytochemical characteristics of Echium amoenum fisch. & C.A. Mey. as a medicinal herb of Iran. Food and Health, 4(2): 1-7.
21. Jalali, M., Abdollahi Moghaddam, H., sohrabi, F. (2022). Effect of concentration and type of selenium application on the quantity and quality of essential oil of Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora L.). Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 35(3), 496-510. (In Persian).
22. Liu, D., Li, H., Wang, Y., Ying, Z., Bian, Z., Zhu,W., Liu,W., Yang, L., Jiang, D. (2017). How exogenous Selenium affects anthocyanin accumulation and biosynthesis-related gene expression in purple lettuce. Polish Journal of Environmental Studie. 26, 717-722 [DOI:10.15244/pjoes/66707]
23. Meng, X., Wang, X. (2004). Relation of flower development and anthocyanin accumulation in Gerbera hybride. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 79, 131-137. [DOI:10.1080/14620316.2004.11511725]
24. Mirakhorli, T., Oraghi Ardebili, Z., Ladan-Moghadam, A., Danaee, E. (2022). Nitric oxide improved growth and yield in soybean (Glycine max) by mediating physiological, anatomical, and transcriptional modifications. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 41(3), 1331-1343. [DOI:10.1007/s00344-021-10389-0]
25. Moghadasan, S., Safipour Afshar, A., Saeid Nematpour, F. (2015). The role of Mycorrhiza in drought tolerance of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 9(36(4)), 521-532. (In Persian).
26. Mosavi, S., Nezami, S., Izadi Darbandi, E., Nezami, A., Yousefsani, M., Keykha Akhar, F. (2011). Evaluation of freezing tolerance of English Daisy (Bellis perennis) under controlled conditions. Water and Soil, 25(2), 380-387. (In Persian).
27. Naeemi Golzard, M., Ghanbari Jahromi, M., Kalateh Jari, S. (2023). Effect of biochar and vermicompost on growth parameters and physiological characteristics of Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) under drought stress. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 13(2), 109-120.
28. Naseri Moghadam, A., Bayat, H., Aminifard, M. H., Moradinezhad, F. (2020). Effect of drought and salinity stress on flower quality, biochemical changes and ions concentration of Narcissus tazetta cv. 'Shahla'. Journal of Plant Production Research, 27(1), 207-221. (In Persian).
29. Nawaz, F., Ashraf, M. Y., Ahmad, R., Waraich, E. A., Shabbir, R. N. (2014). Selenium (Se) regulates seedling growth in wheat under drought stress. Advances in Chemistery. 1-7. [DOI:10.1155/2014/143567]
30. Omidian, M., Roein, Z., Shiri, M A. (2020). Improvement of some physiological parameters of lily (Lilium spp.) under deficit irrigation conditions using foliar application of spermidine. Plant Process and Function, 9 (36), 315-330. (In Persian).
31. Ramezanzadeh, F., Mohammadi Torkashvand, A., Khakipour, N. (2014). The effect of organic media and fertilization method on the yield and nutrients uptake of Bellis perennis L. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 4(3), 133-144.
32. Rashidy, S. (2021). The study Effect of teratments salicylic acid and selenium on physiological and agronomic characteristics of safflower in drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 16(64), 127-140. (In Persian).
33. Rastegar S, Zakeri, O, Zakeri, B. (2016). Effects of drought stress on vegetative growth and biochemical changes of six ornamental species in tropical. Plant Process and Function, 5 (16), 157-164(In Persian).
34. Razmavar, Z., Naderi, R., Abdossi, V., Ladanmoghadam, A., Nematollahi, F. (2021). Selenium improves physiology, biochemistry, and quality characteristic of flowers in Ivy Geranium (Pelargonium peltatum L.). Journal of Ornamental Plants, 11(2), 99-108.
35. Rostami, M., Abbaspour, H., Safipour, A., Taheri, G. (2022). Effect of selenium on growth and some physiological traits of basil under arsenic stress conditions. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 35(4), 823-835. (In Persian).
36. Zangeneh, M., Salehi, H. (2020). Effect of different levels of deficit-irrigation on proline changes and antioxidant enzymes in Narcissus indigenous population (Narcissus tazetta L. var. Shahla). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 5 (2), 123-138. (In Persian). [DOI:10.52547/flowerjournal.5.2.123]
37. Sanjary-Mijani, M., Syrosmehr, A., Fakhery, B. (2015). Effect of drought stress and humic acid on some physiological characteristics of hibiscus) Hibiscus sabdarifa). Crops Improvement, 2, 403-414. (In Persian).
38. Setayesh-Mehr, Z., Ganjeali, A. (2013). Effects of drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 27(1), 27-35. (In Persian).
39. Shamsai, A. A., Aran, M., Fakheri, B. A. (2021). The effect of foliar application of selenium on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Rosemary under drought stress. Crop Science Research in Arid Regions, 2(2), 127-140. (In Persian).
40. Sodaii zadeh, H., Shamsaie, M., Tajamoliyan, M., Mirmohammady maibody, A M., Hakim zadeh, M A. (2016). The effects of water stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis. Plant Process and Function, 5 (15), 1-12. (In Persian).
41. Soroori, S., Danaee, E. (2023). Effects of foliar application of Citric Acid on morphological and phytochemical traits of Calendula officinalis L. under drought stress conditions. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 10(3): 361-374.
42. Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K., Ladan Moghadam, A. (2021). Effect of foliar application of Proline on morphological and physiological traits of Calendula officinalis L. under drought stress. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 11(1), 13-30.
43. Zaji, B., Khavarinejad, R.A., Saadatmand, S., Iranbakhsh, A.R.( 2019). Investigation of some morphological and physiological responses of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) to selenium under salinity. Journal of plant Environmental Physiology, 14(56): 13-27. (In Persian).
44. Zhou, R., Yu, X., Ottosen, C. O., Rosenqvist, E., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Wu, Z. (2017). Drought stress had a predominant effect over heat stress on three tomato cultivars subjected to combined stress. BMC Plant Biology, 17, 1-13. [DOI:10.1186/s12870-017-0974-x]
45. Abdossi, V., Danaee, E. (2019). Effects of Some Amino Acids and Organic Acids on Enzymatic Activity and Longevity of Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Tessino on at Pre-Harvest Stage. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 9(2), 93-104.
46. Abedini, M., Garebaghi, M., Moradkhani, S. (2021). The effect of root and foliar application of selenium on some physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salt stress. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 16(62), 95-108. (In Persian).
47. Aghaie, P., Tafreshi, S. A. H., Ebrahimi, M. A., Haerinasab, M. (2018) Tolerance evaluation and clustering of fourteen tomato cultivars grown under mild and severe drought conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 232, 1-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.041]
48. Ahmadizadeh, M., Valizadeh, M., Zaefizadeh, M., Shahbazi, H. (2011). Antioxidative protection and electrolyte leakage in Durum wheat under drought stress condition. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(3), 236-246.
49. Allahverdizadeh, S., Danaee, E. (2023). Effect of humic acid and vermicompost on Some vegetative indices and proline content of Catharanthus roseous under low water stress. Environment and Water Engineering, 9 (1), 141-152. (In Persian).
50. Aminifard, M. H., homeyra, H., bayat, H., Samadzade, A. R. (2020). Investigation of antioxidant activities and biochemical characteristics of drought-stressed fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) in response to biopotasse and iron sulfate. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 15(57), 39-52. (In Persian).
51. Asgarian, H., Abdossi, V., Danaee, E., Ladan Moghadam, A. (2021). Effects of using humic acid and selenium on some morphophysiological characteristics of Calendula officinalis L. under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 37(4), 596-611. (In Persian).
52. Baghalian, K., Abdoshah, SH., Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F., Paknejad, F. (2011). Physiological and phytochemical response to drought stress of German chamomile (Matricari arecutita L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49(20), 201-207. [DOI:10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.11.010]
53. Bahreininejad, B. Razmjoo, J. & Mirza, M .(2013). Influence of water stress on morpho-physiological and phytochemical traits in Thymus daenensis. International Journal of Plant Production, 7 (1), 151-166.
54. Beiramnvand, F., Zahedi, B., Rezaei Nejad, A. (2023). Investigation of the effect of selenium foliar application on morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of ornamental salvia under irrigation regime. Plant Process and Function, 11 (47), 323-339. (In Persian).
55. Bybordi, A. (2016). Effect of Zeolite, Selenium and Silicon on yield, yield components and some physiological traits of Canola under salt stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 14(1), 154-170. (In Persian).
56. Cohen-Sandler, R., Furness, T., Gearing, S., Moore, J. (2016). Negative effects of pollution on English daisy (Bellis perennis) height and flower number. Journal of Emerging Investigators.1-5. [DOI:10.59720/15-050]
57. Dareini, H., Abdossi, V., Danaee, E. (2014). Effect of some essential oils on postharvest quality and vase life of gerbera cut flowers (Gerbera Jamesonii cv. Sorbet). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(3), 276-280.
58. Ebrahimi, M., Zamani, G., Alizadeh, Z. (2017). A study on the effects of water deficit on physiological and yield-related traits of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 33(3), 492-508. (In Persian).
59. Fabriki ourang, S., Mehrabad-Pourbenab, S. (2016). The effects of drought and salt stresses on some morphological and biochemical parameters of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(3), 23-35. (In Persian).
60. Feng, R., Wei, C., Tu, S. (2013). The roles of selenium in protecting plants against abiotic stresses. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 87, 58-68. [DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.09.002]
61. Gholami, S., Amini Dehaghi, M., Rezazadeh, A. R. (2021). Effect of different concentrations of selenium on germination characteristics and proline content of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd ) under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 14(4), 1029-1040. (In Persian).
62. Ghorbani, N., Moradi, H., Kanani, M., Ashnavar, M. (2022). Total flavonoids and phenolic compounds of English daisy (Bellis Perennis L.) affected by foliar application of Nano-Phosphorus fertilizers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 9(4), 405-414.
63. Hajiboland, R., Keivanfar, N., Jodmand, A., Rezaei, H., Nezhadmohammad, Y. 2014. Effect of selenium treatment on drought tolerance of canola plant. Journal of Plant Research, 27(4): 557-568. (In Persian).
64. Hosseinzadeh Rostam Kalaei, M, Abdossi, V, Danaee, E. (2021). Investigation of different selenium sources on phytochemical characteristics of Echium amoenum fisch. & C.A. Mey. as a medicinal herb of Iran. Food and Health, 4(2): 1-7.
65. Jalali, M., Abdollahi Moghaddam, H., sohrabi, F. (2022). Effect of concentration and type of selenium application on the quantity and quality of essential oil of Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora L.). Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 35(3), 496-510. (In Persian).
66. Liu, D., Li, H., Wang, Y., Ying, Z., Bian, Z., Zhu,W., Liu,W., Yang, L., Jiang, D. (2017). How exogenous Selenium affects anthocyanin accumulation and biosynthesis-related gene expression in purple lettuce. Polish Journal of Environmental Studie. 26, 717-722 [DOI:10.15244/pjoes/66707]
67. Meng, X., Wang, X. (2004). Relation of flower development and anthocyanin accumulation in Gerbera hybride. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 79, 131-137. [DOI:10.1080/14620316.2004.11511725]
68. Mirakhorli, T., Oraghi Ardebili, Z., Ladan-Moghadam, A., Danaee, E. (2022). Nitric oxide improved growth and yield in soybean (Glycine max) by mediating physiological, anatomical, and transcriptional modifications. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 41(3), 1331-1343. [DOI:10.1007/s00344-021-10389-0]
69. Moghadasan, S., Safipour Afshar, A., Saeid Nematpour, F. (2015). The role of Mycorrhiza in drought tolerance of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 9(36(4)), 521-532. (In Persian).
70. Mosavi, S., Nezami, S., Izadi Darbandi, E., Nezami, A., Yousefsani, M., Keykha Akhar, F. (2011). Evaluation of freezing tolerance of English Daisy (Bellis perennis) under controlled conditions. Water and Soil, 25(2), 380-387. (In Persian).
71. Naeemi Golzard, M., Ghanbari Jahromi, M., Kalateh Jari, S. (2023). Effect of biochar and vermicompost on growth parameters and physiological characteristics of Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) under drought stress. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 13(2), 109-120.
72. Naseri Moghadam, A., Bayat, H., Aminifard, M. H., Moradinezhad, F. (2020). Effect of drought and salinity stress on flower quality, biochemical changes and ions concentration of Narcissus tazetta cv. 'Shahla'. Journal of Plant Production Research, 27(1), 207-221. (In Persian).
73. Nawaz, F., Ashraf, M. Y., Ahmad, R., Waraich, E. A., Shabbir, R. N. (2014). Selenium (Se) regulates seedling growth in wheat under drought stress. Advances in Chemistery. 1-7. [DOI:10.1155/2014/143567]
74. Omidian, M., Roein, Z., Shiri, M A. (2020). Improvement of some physiological parameters of lily (Lilium spp.) under deficit irrigation conditions using foliar application of spermidine. Plant Process and Function, 9 (36), 315-330. (In Persian).
75. Ramezanzadeh, F., Mohammadi Torkashvand, A., Khakipour, N. (2014). The effect of organic media and fertilization method on the yield and nutrients uptake of Bellis perennis L. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 4(3), 133-144.
76. Rashidy, S. (2021). The study Effect of teratments salicylic acid and selenium on physiological and agronomic characteristics of safflower in drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 16(64), 127-140. (In Persian).
77. Rastegar S, Zakeri, O, Zakeri, B. (2016). Effects of drought stress on vegetative growth and biochemical changes of six ornamental species in tropical. Plant Process and Function, 5 (16), 157-164(In Persian).
78. Razmavar, Z., Naderi, R., Abdossi, V., Ladanmoghadam, A., Nematollahi, F. (2021). Selenium improves physiology, biochemistry, and quality characteristic of flowers in Ivy Geranium (Pelargonium peltatum L.). Journal of Ornamental Plants, 11(2), 99-108.
79. Rostami, M., Abbaspour, H., Safipour, A., Taheri, G. (2022). Effect of selenium on growth and some physiological traits of basil under arsenic stress conditions. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 35(4), 823-835. (In Persian).
80. Zangeneh, M., Salehi, H. (2020). Effect of different levels of deficit-irrigation on proline changes and antioxidant enzymes in Narcissus indigenous population (Narcissus tazetta L. var. Shahla). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 5 (2), 123-138. (In Persian). [DOI:10.52547/flowerjournal.5.2.123]
81. Sanjary-Mijani, M., Syrosmehr, A., Fakhery, B. (2015). Effect of drought stress and humic acid on some physiological characteristics of hibiscus) Hibiscus sabdarifa). Crops Improvement, 2, 403-414. (In Persian).
82. Setayesh-Mehr, Z., Ganjeali, A. (2013). Effects of drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Journal of Horticultural Science, 27(1), 27-35. (In Persian).
83. Shamsai, A. A., Aran, M., Fakheri, B. A. (2021). The effect of foliar application of selenium on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Rosemary under drought stress. Crop Science Research in Arid Regions, 2(2), 127-140. (In Persian).
84. Sodaii zadeh, H., Shamsaie, M., Tajamoliyan, M., Mirmohammady maibody, A M., Hakim zadeh, M A. (2016). The effects of water stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis. Plant Process and Function, 5 (15), 1-12. (In Persian).
85. Soroori, S., Danaee, E. (2023). Effects of foliar application of Citric Acid on morphological and phytochemical traits of Calendula officinalis L. under drought stress conditions. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 10(3): 361-374.
86. Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K., Ladan Moghadam, A. (2021). Effect of foliar application of Proline on morphological and physiological traits of Calendula officinalis L. under drought stress. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 11(1), 13-30.
87. Zaji, B., Khavarinejad, R.A., Saadatmand, S., Iranbakhsh, A.R.( 2019). Investigation of some morphological and physiological responses of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) to selenium under salinity. Journal of plant Environmental Physiology, 14(56): 13-27. (In Persian).
88. Zhou, R., Yu, X., Ottosen, C. O., Rosenqvist, E., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Wu, Z. (2017). Drought stress had a predominant effect over heat stress on three tomato cultivars subjected to combined stress. BMC Plant Biology, 17, 1-13. [DOI:10.1186/s12870-017-0974-x]
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jabari A, danaee E. Effect of selenium foliar application on the morphophysiological characteristics and enzyme activities of English daisy (Bellis perennis) under water deficit stress. FOP 2024; 9 (1) :1-16
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