1. Americanos P., Taheri, P., Robson, T.O., Abu-Irmallah, B.I. (1998). A common weed in the Middle East, Jordan, Pakistan, Turkey, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, Cyprus, Lebanon, Morocco and Egypt. Translation: Sanei Shariat Panahi, M. Publication of agricultural education. Office of Educational Technology Services, Ministry of Jihad, Agriculture. 272 pages.

2. Auskarniene, O., Psibisauskiene, G., Auskalnis, A., Kadzys, A. (2010). Cultivar and plant density barley. European Journal of Agronomy, 27: 25-34.

3. Bagheri, Abdul Reza, Iskander Zand and Mehdi Parsa. (1997). Legumes, bottlenecks and strategies - Mashhad Academic Press. 94 pages. In Persian.

4. Boyd, N.S., Brennan, E.B., Fennimore, S.A. (2006). Stale seedbed techniques for organic vegetable production. Stale Seedbed Techniques for Organic Vegetable Production. Weed Technology. 2006. Volume 20:1052-1057 [DOI:10.1614/WT-05-109.1]

5. Buhler, D. D., Gunsolus, J. L., and Ralston, D. F. (1992). Integrated weed management techniques to reduce herbicide inputs in soybean. Agron. J. 84,973-978. [DOI:10.2134/agronj1992.00021962008400060013x]

6. Campiglia E, Mancinelli R, Radicetti E and Baresel JP, 2014. Evaluating spatial arrangement for durum Crops Research, 169: 49-57. [DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.09.003]

7. Colbach, N., A. Collard, S. H. M. Guyot, D. Mézière, and N. Munier-Jolain. 2014. Assessing innovative sowing patterns for integrated weed management with a 3D crop: weed competition model. European Journal of Agronomy. 53: 74-89. [DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2013.09.019]

8. Dhima KV, Vasilakoglou IB, Eleftherohorinos IG and Lithourgidis AS, 2006. Allelopathic potential of

9. Dogan, M.N., Unay, A., Boz, O., Ogut, D. (2009). Effect of pre-sowing and pre-emergence glyphosate applications on weedsin stale seedbed cotton. Crop protection, 28, 503-507. [DOI:10.1016/j.cropro.2009.01.013]

10. Dufus, J. E. (1971). Role of weeds in incidence of viral diseases. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 9: 319-340. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.py.09.090171.001535]

11. Esfandiari, H., Hashemi Jezi, S.M. (2002). The effect of plant density and herbicide use in bean weed control, abstract of the 7th Congress of Agriculture and Plant Breeding of Iran. 6-8 Agouste Karaj, Iran Research Institute for improvement and preparation of seedlings and seeds. Page: 632. In Persian.

12. Guo, C. H. E. N., Shibin, L. I. U., Xiang, Y., Xiaolu, T. A. N. G., Haitao, L. I. U., Bin, Y. A. O., & Xuqiang, L. U. O. (2020). Impact of living mulch on soil C: N: P stoichiometry in orchards across China: A meta-analysis examining climatic, edaphic, and biotic dependency. Pedosphere, 30, 181-189. [DOI:10.1016/S1002-0160(20)60003-0]

13. Hiltbrunner, J., Jeanneret, P., Liadgens, M., Stamp, P., Streit, B. (2007). Response of weed communities to

14. influence on weediness in spring barely crops. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 97: 53- 60.

15. Johnson, H. J., J. B. Colquhoun, A. J. Bussan, and R. A. Rittmeyer. 2010. Feasibility of organic weed management in sweet corn and snap bean for processing. Weed Technology 24: 544- 550. [DOI:10.1614/WT-09-052.1]

16. Kakavandi, A., Rauf, R., Amini, Shakiba, M.R., Nosrati, I. (2021). The effect of using mulch in combination with reduced amounts of trifluralin herbicide on weeds and yield of cumin essence Cuminium cyminum L. Journal of Agricultural Science and Seed Production, 32 (2): 161-179. In Persian.

17. Känkänen, H., Eriksson, C. (2007). Effects of undersown crops on soil mineral N and grain yield of spring barley. Eur. J. Agron. 27, 25-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010]

18. Kazempour Ismail. (2014). Weed management book in ornamental plants. Kitabrah. Tehran. 400 pages. In Persean.

19. Kruidhof, H.M., Bastiaans, L., and Kropff, M.J. 2008. Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring. Weed Research, 48: 492-502 [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00665.x]

20. Kuhns, L.J. (1992). The effectiveness of pre-emergence herbicide under, above, or without mulch. Proc. 46th annual meeting of thenortheastern weed science society. Pp. 40-95.

21. Kwon, O-H., Choi H.G., Kim, S.J., Lee, Y.R., Jung H.H., Park, K.Y. (2022). Changes in Yield, Quality, and Morphology of Three Grafted. Cut Roses Grown in a Greenhouse Year-Round Horticulturae 2022, 8, 655. [DOI:10.3390/horticulturae8070655]

22. Martina, A., Onyebuchi, P. (2022). Allelopathic Effect of Three Weed Species on The Germination and Seedling Growth of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH, 10(2), 18-27. doi:10.29121/granthaalayah. v10.i2.2022.4490. [DOI:10.29121/granthaalayah]

23. Mirabi, E., Nemati, S.H., Davari-Nejad, Gh.H., Hossein Aravi, H. (2013). The effect of mulching on weed control, moisture storage and soil temperature in Solanum muricatum. Journal of Horticultural Sciences (Agricultural Sciences and Industries), 26(3):271-276.

24. Mohamadi, G., Nookani, M., Mohamadost, H., Kahrizi, D. (2018). The response of corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars to row spacing under weed interference condition. 1(1): 525-533. doi:10.14720/aas.2018.111.3.01 [DOI:10.14720/aas.2018.111.3.01]

25. Mousavi, S.K., Nazari-Alam J., Nazari, S. (2011). Efficacy of fumsafen and bentazone herbicides mixed with acifluorfen to control bean weeds Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Lorestan province. Journal of Iranian Legume Research. 2(2): 35-46.

26. Pouryousef M., Yousefi A.R., Oveisi M., Asadi F. )2015(. Intercropping of fenugreek as living mulch at different production systems. The University of Georgia, College of Agriculture, no.19. Rao VS, 2006. Principles of weed science. Science Publication, USA, 555p.

27. SAS Institute (2003). Statistical Analysis System. SAS Release 9.1 for windows, SAS Institute Inc.Cary, NC, USA.

28. Statistics of the Ministry of Jihad and Agriculture. (2018. Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, plant production management. 125 pages. In Persian.

29. Swanton, C.J., Weise, S.F. (1991). Integrated weed management: The rational and approach. Weed tech.Vol.5:657-663 [DOI:10.1017/S0890037X00027512]

30. Tallarida, R.J., Murray, R.B. (1987). Duncan Multiple Range Test. In: Manual of Pharmacologic Calculations. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4974-0_38 [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4612-4974-0_38.]

31. Teasdale, J. R. (1998). Influence of corn (Zea mays) population and row spacing on corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) yield. Weed Sci. 46, 447-453. doi: 10.1017/S0043174500090883 [DOI:10.1017/S0043174500090883]

32. Thorsted, M.D., Olesen, J.E., Weiner, J. (2006). Width of clover strips and wheat rows influence grain yield in winter wheat/white clover intercropping. Field Crops Research 95 (2006) 280-290 [DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2005.04.001]

33. Tripathi B., C. M. Singh (1983) Weed and fertility management using maize/soyabean intercropping in the north‐western Himalayas, Tropical Pest Management, 29:3, 267-270, DOI: 10.1080/09670878309370813. [DOI:10.1080/09670878309370813]

34. Tuna, C., Orak, A. (2007). The role of intercropping on yield potential of common vetch Vicia sativa L. and oat Avena sativa L. cultivated in pure stand and mixtures. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2: 14-19.

35. Yousefi, A.R., Karimmojeni, H., Rahimian, Mashhadi, H., Amini, R. (2015). Maize and weed growth under multispecies competition. Crop Science, 55: 1302-1310. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci2014.08.0581]

36. Yousefi, J., Mohammad-Alizadeh H., Mohammadi, M. (2008). Comparison of mechanical, physical and chemical methods of fighting against weeds of Tehran pine Pinus elderica in the large nursery of Karaj Iran. Research and construction. Promotional publication of Institute of Herbal Medicine. 26 pages.

37. Americanos P., Taheri, P., Robson, T.O., Abu-Irmallah, B.I. (1998). A common weed in the Middle East, Jordan, Pakistan, Turkey, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, Cyprus, Lebanon, Morocco and Egypt. Translation: Sanei Shariat Panahi, M. Publication of agricultural education. Office of Educational Technology Services, Ministry of Jihad, Agriculture. 272 pages.

38. Auskarniene, O., Psibisauskiene, G., Auskalnis, A., Kadzys, A. (2010). Cultivar and plant density barley. European Journal of Agronomy, 27: 25-34.

39. Bagheri, Abdul Reza, Iskander Zand and Mehdi Parsa. (1997). Legumes, bottlenecks and strategies - Mashhad Academic Press. 94 pages. In Persian.

40. Boyd, N.S., Brennan, E.B., Fennimore, S.A. (2006). Stale seedbed techniques for organic vegetable production. Stale Seedbed Techniques for Organic Vegetable Production. Weed Technology. 2006. Volume 20:1052-1057 [DOI:10.1614/WT-05-109.1]

41. Buhler, D. D., Gunsolus, J. L., and Ralston, D. F. (1992). Integrated weed management techniques to reduce herbicide inputs in soybean. Agron. J. 84,973-978. [DOI:10.2134/agronj1992.00021962008400060013x]

42. Campiglia E, Mancinelli R, Radicetti E and Baresel JP, 2014. Evaluating spatial arrangement for durum Crops Research, 169: 49-57. [DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2014.09.003]

43. Colbach, N., A. Collard, S. H. M. Guyot, D. Mézière, and N. Munier-Jolain. 2014. Assessing innovative sowing patterns for integrated weed management with a 3D crop: weed competition model. European Journal of Agronomy. 53: 74-89. [DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2013.09.019]

44. Dhima KV, Vasilakoglou IB, Eleftherohorinos IG and Lithourgidis AS, 2006. Allelopathic potential of

45. Dogan, M.N., Unay, A., Boz, O., Ogut, D. (2009). Effect of pre-sowing and pre-emergence glyphosate applications on weedsin stale seedbed cotton. Crop protection, 28, 503-507. [DOI:10.1016/j.cropro.2009.01.013]

46. Dufus, J. E. (1971). Role of weeds in incidence of viral diseases. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 9: 319-340. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.py.09.090171.001535]

47. Esfandiari, H., Hashemi Jezi, S.M. (2002). The effect of plant density and herbicide use in bean weed control, abstract of the 7th Congress of Agriculture and Plant Breeding of Iran. 6-8 Agouste Karaj, Iran Research Institute for improvement and preparation of seedlings and seeds. Page: 632. In Persian.

48. Guo, C. H. E. N., Shibin, L. I. U., Xiang, Y., Xiaolu, T. A. N. G., Haitao, L. I. U., Bin, Y. A. O., & Xuqiang, L. U. O. (2020). Impact of living mulch on soil C: N: P stoichiometry in orchards across China: A meta-analysis examining climatic, edaphic, and biotic dependency. Pedosphere, 30, 181-189. [DOI:10.1016/S1002-0160(20)60003-0]

49. Hiltbrunner, J., Jeanneret, P., Liadgens, M., Stamp, P., Streit, B. (2007). Response of weed communities to

50. influence on weediness in spring barely crops. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 97: 53- 60.

51. Johnson, H. J., J. B. Colquhoun, A. J. Bussan, and R. A. Rittmeyer. 2010. Feasibility of organic weed management in sweet corn and snap bean for processing. Weed Technology 24: 544- 550. [DOI:10.1614/WT-09-052.1]

52. Kakavandi, A., Rauf, R., Amini, Shakiba, M.R., Nosrati, I. (2021). The effect of using mulch in combination with reduced amounts of trifluralin herbicide on weeds and yield of cumin essence Cuminium cyminum L. Journal of Agricultural Science and Seed Production, 32 (2): 161-179. In Persian.

53. Känkänen, H., Eriksson, C. (2007). Effects of undersown crops on soil mineral N and grain yield of spring barley. Eur. J. Agron. 27, 25-34. [DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.010]

54. Kazempour Ismail. (2014). Weed management book in ornamental plants. Kitabrah. Tehran. 400 pages. In Persean.

55. Kruidhof, H.M., Bastiaans, L., and Kropff, M.J. 2008. Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring. Weed Research, 48: 492-502 [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00665.x]

56. Kuhns, L.J. (1992). The effectiveness of pre-emergence herbicide under, above, or without mulch. Proc. 46th annual meeting of thenortheastern weed science society. Pp. 40-95.

57. Kwon, O-H., Choi H.G., Kim, S.J., Lee, Y.R., Jung H.H., Park, K.Y. (2022). Changes in Yield, Quality, and Morphology of Three Grafted. Cut Roses Grown in a Greenhouse Year-Round Horticulturae 2022, 8, 655. [DOI:10.3390/horticulturae8070655]

58. Martina, A., Onyebuchi, P. (2022). Allelopathic Effect of Three Weed Species on The Germination and Seedling Growth of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH, 10(2), 18-27. doi:10.29121/granthaalayah. v10.i2.2022.4490. [DOI:10.29121/granthaalayah]

59. Mirabi, E., Nemati, S.H., Davari-Nejad, Gh.H., Hossein Aravi, H. (2013). The effect of mulching on weed control, moisture storage and soil temperature in Solanum muricatum. Journal of Horticultural Sciences (Agricultural Sciences and Industries), 26(3):271-276.

60. Mohamadi, G., Nookani, M., Mohamadost, H., Kahrizi, D. (2018). The response of corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars to row spacing under weed interference condition. 1(1): 525-533. doi:10.14720/aas.2018.111.3.01 [DOI:10.14720/aas.2018.111.3.01]

61. Mousavi, S.K., Nazari-Alam J., Nazari, S. (2011). Efficacy of fumsafen and bentazone herbicides mixed with acifluorfen to control bean weeds Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Lorestan province. Journal of Iranian Legume Research. 2(2): 35-46.

62. Nadery, et al 2022

63. Pouryousef M., Yousefi A.R., Oveisi M., Asadi F. )2015(. Intercropping of fenugreek as living mulch at different production systems. The University of Georgia, College of Agriculture, no.19. Rao VS, 2006. Principles of weed science. Science Publication, USA, 555p.

64. SAS Institute (2003). Statistical Analysis System. SAS Release 9.1 for windows, SAS Institute Inc.Cary, NC, USA.

65. Statistics of the Ministry of Jihad and Agriculture. (2018. Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, plant production management. 125 pages. In Persian.

66. Swanton, C.J., Weise, S.F. (1991). Integrated weed management: The rational and approach. Weed tech.Vol.5:657-663 [DOI:10.1017/S0890037X00027512]

67. Tallarida, R.J., Murray, R.B. (1987). Duncan Multiple Range Test. In: Manual of Pharmacologic Calculations. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4974-0_38 [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4612-4974-0_38.]

68. Teasdale, J. R. (1998). Influence of corn (Zea mays) population and row spacing on corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) yield. Weed Sci. 46, 447-453. doi: 10.1017/S0043174500090883 [DOI:10.1017/S0043174500090883]

69. Thorsted, M.D., Olesen, J.E., Weiner, J. (2006). Width of clover strips and wheat rows influence grain yield in winter wheat/white clover intercropping. Field Crops Research 95 (2006) 280-290 [DOI:10.1016/j.fcr.2005.04.001]

70. Tripathi B., C. M. Singh (1983) Weed and fertility management using maize/soyabean intercropping in the north‐western Himalayas, Tropical Pest Management, 29:3, 267-270, DOI: 10.1080/09670878309370813. [DOI:10.1080/09670878309370813]

71. Tuna, C., Orak, A. (2007). The role of intercropping on yield potential of common vetch Vicia sativa L. and oat Avena sativa L. cultivated in pure stand and mixtures. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 2: 14-19.

72. Yousefi, A.R., Karimmojeni, H., Rahimian, Mashhadi, H., Amini, R. (2015). Maize and weed growth under multispecies competition. Crop Science, 55: 1302-1310. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci2014.08.0581]

73. Yousefi, J., Mohammad-Alizadeh H., Mohammadi, M. (2008). Comparison of mechanical, physical and chemical methods of fighting against weeds of Tehran pine Pinus elderica in the large nursery of Karaj Iran. Research and construction. Promotional publication of Institute of Herbal Medicine. 26 pages.