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:: Volume 9, Issue 1 (Spring and Summer 2024) ::
FOP 2024, 9(1): 99-118 Back to browse issues page
Variability in vegetative characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and total phenol and flavonoid content of leaves in some Viola odorata L. populations
Ahad Cheraghi , Marzieh Ghanbari jahromi * , S. Amir Mousavi
Department of Horticultural Sciences and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract:   (1796 Views)
Sweet violet (Viola odorata L.) is a perennial and aromatic plant from the Violaceae family that grows in the northern regions of Iran. This research was conducted in order to investigate the biochemical diversity of 10 selected populations of the sweet violet plant in Mazandaran province in 2023 in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The habitats included Elimalat, Lavij, Abpari, Noor Forest Park, Sisangan, Namak Abroud, Kalarabad, Imamzadeh Abdullah, Larijan and Khesht Sar. Ten samples were collected from each habitat and traits related to vegetative characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and phytochemical compounds of leaves of each population were evaluated. To categorize populations, cluster analysis (cluster) was performed by Ward's method using SAS statistical software version 9/4. The results showed significant differences in all the morpho-physiological traits across different habitats, so the highest  height and number of leaves were observed in Elimalat, Lavij, and Kheshtsar habitats, the highest diameter of the main and secondary stems, fresh weight and plant dryness, leaf width and surface area, and petiole diameter were reported in Kalarabad and Namak Abroud habitats and then in Kheshtsar. The most photosynthetic pigments of the leaves were evaluated in the habitats of the west Mazandaran (Klarabad and Namak Abroud) and the highest amounts of phytochemical compounds were found in the Larijan habitat which is located at a higher altitude above sea level (4115 m). The cluster analysis of different habitats based on the measured morphological traits and climatic characteristics divided the populations of violet into three separate groups. In general, we can conclude that geographical differences are one of the most important parameters affecting the growth and quality of native plants. Most of the morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments of violet leaves, and secondary metabolites such as total phenol and flavonoids in the studied populations exhibit significant differences. Some of this diversity is attributed to genetic characteristics, while another part is influenced by climatic conditions.
 
Keywords: Biochemical traits, Habitat, Leaf characteristics, Violet
Full-Text [PDF 816 kb]   (449 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2023/10/26 | Accepted: 2023/11/29 | Published: 2024/10/19
References
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20. Mohammadi, R., Dehghani, H., Zeynli, H. (2014). Study of genetic variability of different masses of german chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) using morphological and phenological traits. Journal of Applied Crop Research, 27(105), 63-74.
21. Momeni Monfared, M., Mahmoodi Sorestani, M., Zolfaghari, M., Malekzadeh, M. (2018). Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of essential oil of some Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) accessions in Ahvaz weather conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 34(2), 286-297. (In Persian).
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24. Motavasselian, M., Salari, R., Feyzabadi, Z., Joharchi, M.R., Ghazanfari, S.M. (2022). A Review of the Therapeutic Effects of Viola odorata Plant in Traditional Iranian Medicine and Modern Medicine. Complementary Medicine Journal, 12(2), 118-125. (In Persian). [DOI:10.32598/CMJA.12.2.1133.2]
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27. Narimani, R., Moghaddam, M., Ghasemi Pir Balouti, A., Shokouhi, D. (2017). Investigation of morphological diversity, phenol content and antioxidant activity of different populations of Nepeta nuda and Nepeta crassifolia in habitats of Ardabil and Azerbaijan provinces. Journal of Eco Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, 5(19), 22-13.
28. Nasibi, F., Kalantari, K., Rashidi, M. (2003). Investigation of change in morphological and physiological parameter induced by UV-A, UV-B and UV-C of ultraviolet radiation in colza seedling (Brassica Napus). Research and Reconstruction, 16(3), 97-103.
29. Noori, N., Khanghahi Abyane, E., Amin, Gh. (2016). Iranian licenced herbal medicines (Persian). Tehran: Legal Medicine Research Center. (In Persian).
30. Oroojalian, F., Kasra-Kermanshahi, R., Azizi, M., Bassami, M.R. (2010). Phytochemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Three Apiaceae Species and Their Antibacterial Effects on Food-borne Pathogens. Food Chemistry, 120, 765-770. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.008]
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35. Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic phosphotu_ ngstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-58. [DOI:10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144]
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40. Yousefi, B., Tabaie-Aghdaei, S.R., Amiri, A. (2021). Study on yield and flower yield components, essential oil percentage, and some morphological and phenological traits in 48 different accessions of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) in Kermanshah province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 37(4): 612-627. (In Persian).
41. Zakaria Nejad, N., Moradi, H., Biparva, P., Memariani, Z. (2022). Effect of height and soil properties on some secondary metabolites of different organs of sweet violet (Viola odorata L.) in different natural habitats of Mazandaran province. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 17(67), 111-125. (In Persian).
42. Amini, Z., Haddad, R. (2013). Role of photosynthetic Pigments and antioxidant enzymes against oxidative stress. Cellular and Molecular Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 26(3), 251-265. (In Persian).
43. Arnon, A.N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Journal of Agronomy, 23, 112-126.
44. Baharmast, Z., Kheiry, A., Sanikhani, M., Soleimani, A. (2020). Study and comparison of morphological and phytochemical traits of Mentha pulegium L. in different habitats of Guilan province. Journal of Medicinal Plants Ecophytochemistry, 30(2), 60-75. (In Persian).
45. Bozhuyuk, M.R., Ercisli, S., Karatas, N., Ekiert, H., Elansary, H.O., Szopa, A. (2021). Morphological and Biochemical Diversity in Fruits of Unsprayed Rosa canina and Rosa dumalis Ecotypes Found in Different Agroecological Conditions. Sustainability, 13, 8060. [DOI:10.3390/su13148060]
46. Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H., Chern, J. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Food and Drug Analysis, 10, 178-182. [DOI:10.38212/2224-6614.2748]
47. Chen, Ch., Li, P., Wang, R., Schaal, B., Fu, Ch. (2014). The Population Genetics of Cultivation: Domestication of a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. (Scrophulariaceae). PLoS One, 9(8), e105064. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0105064]
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49. Eckstein, R., O'Neill, R., Danihelka, J., Otte, A., Kohler, W. (2006). Genetic structure among and within peripheral and central populations of three endangered floodplain violets. Molecular Ecology, 15, 2367-2379. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02944.x]
50. Erhatić, R., Vukobratović, M., Volf, T.P., Židovec, V. (2010). Morphological and chemical properties of selected sweet violet populations. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 11, 55-64. [DOI:10.5513/JCEA01/11.1.803]
51. Feyzabadi, Z., Jafari, F., Kamali, S.H., Ashayeri, H., Aval, S.B., Esfahani, M.M., Sadeghpour, O. (2014). Efficacy of Viola odorata in treatment of chronic insomnia. Journal of Iranian Red Crescent Medical, 12, 1-6. [DOI:10.5812/ircmj.17511]
52. Ghahramani A, Mohammadi J, Mousavi S A, Ghanbari Jahromi M. (2022). Morphological identification of Zanjan shit's region capers (Capparis spinosa) and its fruits qualitative and quantitative and photochemical Assessment. Jornal Plant Ecosystem Conservation, 9(19): 157-179. (In Persian).
53. Ghorbani, M., Khorasaninejad, S., Hemmati, K., Ghorbani, K. (2022). Feasibility study on some native Iranian Viola spp. domestication. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 38(4), 632-650. (In Persian).
54. Hamidah, S., Firmanul Arifin, Y., Fitriani, A. (2018). Micro climate assessment of medicinal plant habitat for the first step of domestication. Academic Research International, 9(3), 145-150.
55. Khadivi-Khub, A., Salehi-Arjmand, H., Movahedi, Kh., Hadian, J. (2014). Molecular and morphological variability of Satureja bachtiarica in Iran. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 301, 77-93. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-014-1055-3]
56. Mahajan, R., Kour, R., Javed, A., Singh, I., Kapoor, N. (2014). Characterization of genetic diversity of viola odorata from different regions of Jammu and Kashmir using RAPD primers. International journal of Science Inventions Today, 3(6), 685-691.
57. Mazaraie, A., Fahmideh, L. (2020). Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity of three widely-used medicinal plant in natural habitats of Fars province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 8(1), 90-105. (In Persian).
58. McDonald, S., Prenzler, P.D., Autolovich, M., Robards, K. (2001). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chemistry, 73, 73-84. [DOI:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00288-0]
59. MirMohammadi Maibody, S.A.M., Golkar, P. (2019). Application of DNA Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding (Review article). Plant Genetic Researches, 6(1), 1-30. (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/pgr.6.1.1]
60. Mirzaei, A., Akbartabar, M., Sadeghi, H., Sharifi, B. (2010). The Antioxidant Activities and total enolic of Artemisia martima, Achillea millefolium and Matricaria recutica. Iranian Society of Horticultural Science (IRSHS). 15(1), 243-252. (In Persian).
61. Mohammadi, R., Dehghani, H., Zeynli, H. (2014). Study of genetic variability of different masses of german chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) using morphological and phenological traits. Journal of Applied Crop Research, 27(105), 63-74.
62. Momeni Monfared, M., Mahmoodi Sorestani, M., Zolfaghari, M., Malekzadeh, M. (2018). Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of essential oil of some Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) accessions in Ahvaz weather conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 34(2), 286-297. (In Persian).
63. Moradi, H., Haddadinejad, M., Yavari, A., Mohammadi Azni, M., Musavi, S., Hosseini, S.M.A. (2021). Comparison of morphological and phytochemical traits in some endogenous genotypes of sweet violet (Viola odorata L.) in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 16(63), 101-115. (In Persian).
64. Moradi, N., Naghdi Badi, H., Kalateh Jari, S., Mehrafarin, A., Danaee, E. (2022). Morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Inula helenium L. in different altitudes of Zanjan region, Iran. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10(4): 1-13. (In Persian).
65. Motavasselian, M., Salari, R., Feyzabadi, Z., Joharchi, M.R., Ghazanfari, S.M. (2022). A Review of the Therapeutic Effects of Viola odorata Plant in Traditional Iranian Medicine and Modern Medicine. Complementary Medicine Journal, 12(2), 118-125. (In Persian). [DOI:10.32598/CMJA.12.2.1133.2]
66. Mozafarian, W. (2022). Knowledge of medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran. Contemporary Culture Publications, 144 Pp. (In Persian).
67. Narel, Z., Rainer, B., Carolina, R. (2020). Viola tricolor L. Violaceae. 10.1007/978-3-030-28933-1_297.
68. Narimani, R., Moghaddam, M., Ghasemi Pir Balouti, A., Shokouhi, D. (2017). Investigation of morphological diversity, phenol content and antioxidant activity of different populations of Nepeta nuda and Nepeta crassifolia in habitats of Ardabil and Azerbaijan provinces. Journal of Eco Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants, 5(19), 22-13.
69. Nasibi, F., Kalantari, K., Rashidi, M. (2003). Investigation of change in morphological and physiological parameter induced by UV-A, UV-B and UV-C of ultraviolet radiation in colza seedling (Brassica Napus). Research and Reconstruction, 16(3), 97-103.
70. Noori, N., Khanghahi Abyane, E., Amin, Gh. (2016). Iranian licenced herbal medicines (Persian). Tehran: Legal Medicine Research Center. (In Persian).
71. Oroojalian, F., Kasra-Kermanshahi, R., Azizi, M., Bassami, M.R. (2010). Phytochemical Composition of the Essential Oils from Three Apiaceae Species and Their Antibacterial Effects on Food-borne Pathogens. Food Chemistry, 120, 765-770. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.008]
72. Osamny, Zh., Siosemardeh, A. (2009). A study of genetic diversity in sardari wheat ecotypes using AFLP markers and agronomic traits. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 13(47), 301-320.
73. Qasemzadeh, M.J., Sharifi, H., Hamedanian, M., Gharehbeglou, M., Heydari, M., Sardari, M., et al. (2015). The effect of Viola odorata flower syrup on the cough of children with asthma: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20(4), 287-291. [DOI:10.1177/2156587215584862]
74. Rad, J.E., Shafiei, A.B. (2010). The distribution of ecological species groups in Fagetum communities of Caspian forests: Determination of effective environmental factors. Flora Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 205, 721-727. [DOI:10.1016/j.flora.2010.04.015]
75. Saboora, A., Dadmehr, K.H., Ranjbar, M. (2013). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and investigation on antioxidant properties of stem and leaf extracts in six Iranian species of wild Dianthus L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29, 281-295. (In Persian).
76. Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic phosphotu_ ngstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-58. [DOI:10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144]
77. Su, X., Hou, Y.-Y., Gao, T., Wang, Y.-L., Sun, K. (2018). Taxonomic position of Viola tuberifera based on morphological variation of the populations and digital specimen. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 38, 189-194.
78. Sun, T., Powers, J.R., Tang, J. (2007). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Asparagus, broccoli and their juices. Food Chemistry, 105, 101-106. [DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.048]
79. Vogel, V., Bodenhausen, N., Gruissem, W., Vorholt, J.A. (2016). The Arabidopsis leaf transcriptome reveals distinct but also overlapping responses to colonization by phyllosphere commensals and pathogen infection with impact on plant health. New Phytologist, 212(1), 192-207. [DOI:10.1111/nph.14036]
80. Yazdi Far, S., Naghdi Badi, H., Mehrafarin, A., Kalateh Jari, S., Danaee, E. (2022). Evaluation of diversity of eco morphological and phytochemical traits of Artemisia sieberi Besser. in different habitats of Qom province in Iran. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10(1), 27-46. (In Persian).
81. Yousefi, B., Tabaie-Aghdaei, S.R., Amiri, A. (2021). Study on yield and flower yield components, essential oil percentage, and some morphological and phenological traits in 48 different accessions of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) in Kermanshah province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 37(4): 612-627. (In Persian).
82. Zakaria Nejad, N., Moradi, H., Biparva, P., Memariani, Z. (2022). Effect of height and soil properties on some secondary metabolites of different organs of sweet violet (Viola odorata L.) in different natural habitats of Mazandaran province. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 17(67), 111-125. (In Persian).
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Cheraghi A, Ghanbari jahromi M, Mousavi S A. Variability in vegetative characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and total phenol and flavonoid content of leaves in some Viola odorata L. populations. FOP 2024; 9 (1) :99-118
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گل و گیاهان زینتی Flower and Ornamental Plants
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