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:: Volume 8, Issue 2 (Fall and Winter 2023) ::
FOP 2023, 8(2): 241-254 Back to browse issues page
The effect of paclobutrazol and cycocel on growth and flowering characteristics of geranium (Pelargonium hortorum)
Seid Mostafa Sadeghi , Elham Danaee *
Islamic Azad University
Abstract:   (1651 Views)
In ornamental plants, especially geraniums, controlling vegetative growth, reducing plant height and increasing plant density is of great importance. Cycocel and paclobutrazol are chemical substances that are widely used in reducing the growth of a large number of plants. Because these compounds absorb free radicals, they delay the aging of flowers and reduce oxidative stress in the plant, thus having a positive effect on flower longevity. The effect of foliar application of cycocel and paclobutrazol on vegetative growth and flowering indicators of geranium (Pelargonium hortorum) an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. The treatments included the foliar application of cycocel (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg l-1) and paclobutrazol (50, 75, and 100 mg l-1), which were applied at the 6-8 leaf stage, the results showed that all treatments had a significant effect on the measured variables. The highest fresh (66.87 g) and dry weight of the aerial part (9.8 g), catalase (2.77 unit enzyme g -1 FW of petal), and peroxidase activity (14.34 unit enzyme g-1 FW of petal) in the 1500 mg l-1 foliar application of cycocel and the highest total chlorophyll content of leaf (12.71 mg g-1 FW), anthocyanin (2.91 mg l -1), protein (51.12 µg g-1 FW of petal), superoxide dismutase activity (2.75 unit enzyme g-1 FW of petal) and flower longevity on plant (20.92 days) in the 1000 mg l-1 foliar application of cycocel were observed. The highest index of membrane stability (78.17 %) was also in the 500 mg l-1 cycocel, and the highest root length (43.85 cm) and the lowest plant height (20.59 cm) belonged to the 100 mg l-1 paclobutrazol foliar application, while the highest plant height (26.78 cm) belonged to control. In general, foliar application with growth retarders, especially cycocel at 1000 mg l-1, is recommended to improve the growth characteristics, and flowering, and increase the marketability of Pelargonium hortorum.
Keywords: Enzyme, Flower longevity, Geranium, Protein
Full-Text [PDF 943 kb]   (306 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2023/03/25 | Accepted: 2023/05/24 | Published: 2024/02/25
References
1. Abdul Jaleel, C., Ragupathi, G., Manivannan, P., Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Responses of antioxidant defense system of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. to paclobutrazol treatment under salinity. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 29(3), 205-209. [DOI:10.1007/s11738-007-0025-6]
2. Aghlmand, S., Esmaielpour, B., Jalilvand, P., Hiedari, H R., Tavakoli-hassankelo, N. (2018). Effect of salicylic acid and paclobutrazol on growth and physiological traits of basil under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Plant Production and Function, 6(19), 35-46. (In Persian).
3. Ahmadizadeh, M., Valizadeh, M., Zaefizadeh, M., Shahbazi, H. (2011). Antioxidative protection and electrolyte leakage in durum wheat under drought stress condition. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(3), 236-246
4. Akbari, V., Jalili Marandi, R. (2014). Effect of cycocel on growth and photosynthetic pigments of two olive cultivars under different irrigation intervals. Journal of Horticultural Science, 27(4), 460-469. (In Persian).
5. Akbari, V., Jalili Marandi, R., Farokhzad, A. (2015). Effect of Cycocel on Antioxidative activity and malondialdehyde content of Mary and Mission Olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under drought stress, 7(2), 121-135. (In Persian).
6. Alami, E., Karimi, M. (2020). Effect of cycocel and uniconazole on some morphological and biochemical properties of Zinnia. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 7(1), 81-91.
7. Amooaghaie, R., Shariat, E. (2014). Effect of cultivar, cold and paclobutrazol on growth, chlorophyll content and cell membrane injury in Phaseolus vulgaris plantlet. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 6(22), 77-90. (In Persian).
8. Bayat, H., Karimi, M., Babaei, S. (2021). First report of Pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV) in Iran and determining some of its molecular properties. Flower and Ornamental Plants; 6 (2), 85-94. (In Persian). [DOI:10.52547/flowerjournal.6.2.85]
9. Bayer, W. F., Fridovich, I. (1987). Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity: some large consequences of minor changes in condition. Analytical Biochemistry, 161, 559-566. [DOI:10.1016/0003-2697(87)90489-1]
10. Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Journal of Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248- 254. [DOI:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3]
11. Carvalho-Zanão, M., Zanão Júnior, L., Saraiva Grossi, J., Pereira, N. (2018). Potted rose cultivars with paclobutrazol drench applications. Ciência Rural, 48(8), 1-7. [DOI:10.1590/0103-8478cr20161002]
12. Danaee, E., Abdossi, V. (2018). Effect of different concentration and application methods of polyamines (Putrescine, Spermine, Spermidine) on some morphological, physiological, and enzymatic characteristics and vase life of Rosa hybrida cv. 'Dolce Vita' cut flower. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 8(3), 171-182.
13. Danaee, M., Abdossi, V. (2016). Evaluation of the effect of plant growth substances on longevity of gerbera cut flowers cv. Sorbet. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 7(1), 1943- 1947.
14. Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Nabavi, S. M., Nabavi, S. F., Eslami, B., Ehsanifar, S. (2009). Antioxidant activity of Hyoscyamus squarrosus fruits. Pharmacology Online, 2, 644-650.
15. Fletcher, R.A., Gilley, A., Sankhla, N., Davis, T. D. (2000). Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Horticultural Plant Journal, 24, 55-138. [DOI:10.1002/9780470650776.ch3]
16. Gerailoo, S., Ghasemnezhad, M., Shiri, M. (2014). Effect of short time treatment of salicylic acid in delaying flowers senescence in cut rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. Yellow Island. Journal of Plant Research. 27(2), 309-299. (In Persian).
17. Ghatas, Y. A. A. (2016). Influence of paclobutrazol and cycocel sprays on the growth, flowering and chemical composition of potted (Chrysanthemum frutescens) plant. Annals of Agriculture Science, 54(2), 355-364. [DOI:10.21608/assjm.2016.104125]
18. Hadipour, M. (2021). Effect of some plant growth retardants on growth and development parameters of Dahlia spp. Plant and Biotechnology of Iran, 16(3), 43-5.1 (In Persian).
19. Hamrahi, S., Habibi, D., Madani, H., Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, M. (2008). Effect of cycocel and micronutrients on antioxidants rates as indices of drought resistance of rapeseed. New Finding in Agriculture, 2(3), 316-329. (In Persian).
20. Hojjati, M., Etemadi, N., Baninasab, B. (2011). Effect of Paclobutrazol and Cycocel on vegetative growth and flowering of Zinnia (Zinnia elegans). Journal of Horticultural Science, 24(2), 122-127. (In Persian).
21. Holy, MC. (1972). Indole acetic acid oxidase: a dual catalytic enzyme. Plant Physiology, 50, 15-18 [DOI:10.1104/pp.50.1.15]
22. Jamali Moghadam, H., Hassanpour Asil, M. (2021). Improving morpho-physiological characteristics and extending vase life of Lily (Lilium LA hybrid) cv. Original Love using gibberellic acid and humic acid. Flower and Ornamental Plants; 6(1), 49-70. [DOI:10.52547/flowerjournal.6.1.49]
23. Karimi, M., Ahmadi, M. (2019). The effect of inhibitory growth of cycocel and uniconazole on morphological and biochemical characteristics of petunia (Petunia hybrida L.). Journal of Plant Production and Function, 8(32), 365-376. (In Persian).
24. Karimi, M., Salimi, F., Pakdin, A. (2022). The effect of different concentrations of uniconazole and cycocel and their application method on vegetative growth and biochemical properties of Lilium hybrids (Longiflorum × Asiatic cv. Eyeliner), Journal of Horticultural Science, 36(4), 937-948. (In Persian).
25. Lesani, H., Mojtahedi, M. (2005). Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. University of Tehran Publication. pp 604.
26. Mortazavi, S., Khodabandelu, F., Azimi, M. H. (2017). Effect of cycocel and salicylic acid on morphologic traits of Brassica Oleracea, Pink Type. Journal of Horticultural Science, 30(4), 590-596. (In Persian).
27. Moshrefi Araghi, A., Naderi, R., Babalar, M., Taheri, M R. (2014). Effect of different spraying levels of cycocel on vegetative growth and flowering of poinsettia pot plant (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions; 5(1), 73-84. (In Persian).
28. Nazarudin, A. (2012). Plant growth retardants effect on growth and flowering of potted Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Journal of Tropical Plant Physiology, 4, 29-40.
29. Rapisarda, P., Fanella, F., Maccarone, E. (2000). Reliability of analytical methods for determining anthocyanins in blood orange juices. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 48, 2249 - 52. [DOI:10.1021/jf991157h]
30. Rossini pinto, A.C., Deleo Rodrigues, T. D.J., Leite, I.C., Barbosa, J. C. (2005). Growth retardants on development and ornamental quality of potted Liliput Zinnia elegans Jacq. Scientia Agricola, 62, 337-345. [DOI:10.1590/S0103-90162005000400006]
31. Salehi Sardoei, A., Azad Ghojehbiglou, H., Fattahi Siah Kamri, S., Khazaei, I. (2021). Evaluation effect of Cycocel foliar application on active substance and some physicochemical characteristics of Cannabis sativa. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(3), 29-39. (In Persian).
32. Sawan, M.Z. (2008). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of plant growth retardants and zinc on cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of cotton. Journal of Agriculture Crop and Science, 186, 183-191. [DOI:10.1046/j.1439-037X.2001.00473.x]
33. Shiu, CT., Lee, TM. (2005). Ultraviolet induced oxidative stress and responses of the ascorbate- glutathione cycle in a marine macroalga Ulva fasciata. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56, 2851-2865. [DOI:10.1093/jxb/eri277]
34. Shoa Kazemi, Sh., Hashem Abadi., D., Mohammadi Torkashvand, A., Kaviani, B. (2014). Effect of cycocel and daminozide on vegetative growth, flowering and the content of essence of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). Journal of Ornamental Plants, 4(2), 107-114.
35. Singh, B., Usha, K. (2003). Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedling under water stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 39, 137-14. [DOI:10.1023/A:1022556103536]
36. Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K., Ladanmoghadam, A. (2022). Effect of spermidine foliar application on some morphophysiological traits and secondary metabolites of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 17(66), 108-125. (In Persian).
37. Taghipur Jirdehi, S., Hassanpour Asil, M. (2022). The effect of cycocel consumption method on the growth and flowering of azalea ‎‎(Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red)‎. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 53(1): 239-255. (In Persian).
38. Tehranchi, M., Moradi, P. (2014). The effect of different levels of cycocel on vegetative growth and flowering of Rana Ziba. National Conference on New Topics in Agriculture, 362-365. (In Persian).
39. Abdul Jaleel, C., Ragupathi, G., Manivannan, P., Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Responses of antioxidant defense system of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. to paclobutrazol treatment under salinity. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 29(3), 205-209. [DOI:10.1007/s11738-007-0025-6]
40. Aghlmand, S., Esmaielpour, B., Jalilvand, P., Hiedari, H R., Tavakoli-hassankelo, N. (2018). Effect of salicylic acid and paclobutrazol on growth and physiological traits of basil under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Plant Production and Function, 6(19), 35-46. (In Persian).
41. Ahmadizadeh, M., Valizadeh, M., Zaefizadeh, M., Shahbazi, H. (2011). Antioxidative protection and electrolyte leakage in durum wheat under drought stress condition. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(3), 236-246
42. Akbari, V., Jalili Marandi, R. (2014). Effect of cycocel on growth and photosynthetic pigments of two olive cultivars under different irrigation intervals. Journal of Horticultural Science, 27(4), 460-469. (In Persian).
43. Akbari, V., Jalili Marandi, R., Farokhzad, A. (2015). Effect of Cycocel on Antioxidative activity and malondialdehyde content of Mary and Mission Olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under drought stress, 7(2), 121-135. (In Persian).
44. Alami, E., Karimi, M. (2020). Effect of cycocel and uniconazole on some morphological and biochemical properties of Zinnia. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 7(1), 81-91.
45. Amooaghaie, R., Shariat, E. (2014). Effect of cultivar, cold and paclobutrazol on growth, chlorophyll content and cell membrane injury in Phaseolus vulgaris plantlet. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 6(22), 77-90. (In Persian).
46. Bayat, H., Karimi, M., Babaei, S. (2021). First report of Pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV) in Iran and determining some of its molecular properties. Flower and Ornamental Plants; 6 (2), 85-94. (In Persian). [DOI:10.52547/flowerjournal.6.2.85]
47. Bayer, W. F., Fridovich, I. (1987). Assaying for superoxide dismutase activity: some large consequences of minor changes in condition. Analytical Biochemistry, 161, 559-566. [DOI:10.1016/0003-2697(87)90489-1]
48. Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Journal of Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248- 254. [DOI:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3]
49. Carvalho-Zanão, M., Zanão Júnior, L., Saraiva Grossi, J., Pereira, N. (2018). Potted rose cultivars with paclobutrazol drench applications. Ciência Rural, 48(8), 1-7. [DOI:10.1590/0103-8478cr20161002]
50. Danaee, E., Abdossi, V. (2018). Effect of different concentration and application methods of polyamines (Putrescine, Spermine, Spermidine) on some morphological, physiological, and enzymatic characteristics and vase life of Rosa hybrida cv. 'Dolce Vita' cut flower. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 8(3), 171-182.
51. Danaee, M., Abdossi, V. (2016). Evaluation of the effect of plant growth substances on longevity of gerbera cut flowers cv. Sorbet. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 7(1), 1943- 1947.
52. Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Nabavi, S. M., Nabavi, S. F., Eslami, B., Ehsanifar, S. (2009). Antioxidant activity of Hyoscyamus squarrosus fruits. Pharmacology Online, 2, 644-650.
53. Fletcher, R.A., Gilley, A., Sankhla, N., Davis, T. D. (2000). Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Horticultural Plant Journal, 24, 55-138. [DOI:10.1002/9780470650776.ch3]
54. Gerailoo, S., Ghasemnezhad, M., Shiri, M. (2014). Effect of short time treatment of salicylic acid in delaying flowers senescence in cut rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. Yellow Island. Journal of Plant Research. 27(2), 309-299. (In Persian).
55. Ghatas, Y. A. A. (2016). Influence of paclobutrazol and cycocel sprays on the growth, flowering and chemical composition of potted (Chrysanthemum frutescens) plant. Annals of Agriculture Science, 54(2), 355-364. [DOI:10.21608/assjm.2016.104125]
56. Hadipour, M. (2021). Effect of some plant growth retardants on growth and development parameters of Dahlia spp. Plant and Biotechnology of Iran, 16(3), 43-5.1 (In Persian).
57. Hamrahi, S., Habibi, D., Madani, H., Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, M. (2008). Effect of cycocel and micronutrients on antioxidants rates as indices of drought resistance of rapeseed. New Finding in Agriculture, 2(3), 316-329. (In Persian).
58. Hojjati, M., Etemadi, N., Baninasab, B. (2011). Effect of Paclobutrazol and Cycocel on vegetative growth and flowering of Zinnia (Zinnia elegans). Journal of Horticultural Science, 24(2), 122-127. (In Persian).
59. Holy, MC. (1972). Indole acetic acid oxidase: a dual catalytic enzyme. Plant Physiology, 50, 15-18 [DOI:10.1104/pp.50.1.15]
60. Jamali Moghadam, H., Hassanpour Asil, M. (2021). Improving morpho-physiological characteristics and extending vase life of Lily (Lilium LA hybrid) cv. Original Love using gibberellic acid and humic acid. Flower and Ornamental Plants; 6(1), 49-70. [DOI:10.52547/flowerjournal.6.1.49]
61. Karimi, M., Ahmadi, M. (2019). The effect of inhibitory growth of cycocel and uniconazole on morphological and biochemical characteristics of petunia (Petunia hybrida L.). Journal of Plant Production and Function, 8(32), 365-376. (In Persian).
62. Karimi, M., Salimi, F., Pakdin, A. (2022). The effect of different concentrations of uniconazole and cycocel and their application method on vegetative growth and biochemical properties of Lilium hybrids (Longiflorum × Asiatic cv. Eyeliner), Journal of Horticultural Science, 36(4), 937-948. (In Persian).
63. Lesani, H., Mojtahedi, M. (2005). Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. University of Tehran Publication. pp 604.
64. Mortazavi, S., Khodabandelu, F., Azimi, M. H. (2017). Effect of cycocel and salicylic acid on morphologic traits of Brassica Oleracea, Pink Type. Journal of Horticultural Science, 30(4), 590-596. (In Persian).
65. Moshrefi Araghi, A., Naderi, R., Babalar, M., Taheri, M R. (2014). Effect of different spraying levels of cycocel on vegetative growth and flowering of poinsettia pot plant (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions; 5(1), 73-84. (In Persian).
66. Nazarudin, A. (2012). Plant growth retardants effect on growth and flowering of potted Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Journal of Tropical Plant Physiology, 4, 29-40.
67. Rapisarda, P., Fanella, F., Maccarone, E. (2000). Reliability of analytical methods for determining anthocyanins in blood orange juices. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 48, 2249 - 52. [DOI:10.1021/jf991157h]
68. Rossini pinto, A.C., Deleo Rodrigues, T. D.J., Leite, I.C., Barbosa, J. C. (2005). Growth retardants on development and ornamental quality of potted Liliput Zinnia elegans Jacq. Scientia Agricola, 62, 337-345. [DOI:10.1590/S0103-90162005000400006]
69. Salehi Sardoei, A., Azad Ghojehbiglou, H., Fattahi Siah Kamri, S., Khazaei, I. (2021). Evaluation effect of Cycocel foliar application on active substance and some physicochemical characteristics of Cannabis sativa. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(3), 29-39. (In Persian).
70. Sawan, M.Z. (2008). Effect of nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of plant growth retardants and zinc on cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of cotton. Journal of Agriculture Crop and Science, 186, 183-191. [DOI:10.1046/j.1439-037X.2001.00473.x]
71. Shiu, CT., Lee, TM. (2005). Ultraviolet induced oxidative stress and responses of the ascorbate- glutathione cycle in a marine macroalga Ulva fasciata. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56, 2851-2865. [DOI:10.1093/jxb/eri277]
72. Shoa Kazemi, Sh., Hashem Abadi., D., Mohammadi Torkashvand, A., Kaviani, B. (2014). Effect of cycocel and daminozide on vegetative growth, flowering and the content of essence of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis). Journal of Ornamental Plants, 4(2), 107-114.
73. Singh, B., Usha, K. (2003). Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedling under water stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 39, 137-14. [DOI:10.1023/A:1022556103536]
74. Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K., Ladanmoghadam, A. (2022). Effect of spermidine foliar application on some morphophysiological traits and secondary metabolites of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 17(66), 108-125. (In Persian).
75. Taghipur Jirdehi, S., Hassanpour Asil, M. (2022). The effect of cycocel consumption method on the growth and flowering of azalea ‎‎(Rhododendron simsii cv. Japonica Red)‎. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 53(1): 239-255. (In Persian).
76. Tehranchi, M., Moradi, P. (2014). The effect of different levels of cycocel on vegetative growth and flowering of Rana Ziba. National Conference on New Topics in Agriculture, 362-365. (In Persian).
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Sadeghi S M, Danaee E. The effect of paclobutrazol and cycocel on growth and flowering characteristics of geranium (Pelargonium hortorum). FOP 2023; 8 (2) :241-254
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Volume 8, Issue 2 (Fall and Winter 2023) Back to browse issues page
گل و گیاهان زینتی Flower and Ornamental Plants
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