Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on flowering and photosynthetic pigments of peace lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel) 1 16 FA Tayebeh Motevali Shahrestani Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht tayyebeh28102@gmail.com Y Moazzam Hassanpour Asil Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht hassanpurm@guilan.ac.ir N 10.61882/fop.10.1.1 Gibberellin, a plant growth regulator, significantly impacts ornamental plant morphology, physiology, quantity, and quality, especially in flowering plants. This study evaluated the effect of varying Gibberellic Acid (GA3) concentrations on the morphological and physiological characteristics of peace lilies (Spathiphyllum wallisii) during the flowering stage under greenhouse conditions in Northern Iran. A completely randomized design with three replications was employed, testing GA3 concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mgL-1 against a control. Results indicated that higher GA3 levels significantly improved measured traits (p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01). The 200 mgL-1 GA treatment maximized trait values and reduced days to flowering (102 days). Compared to the control, this treatment significantly increased pedicel length (58.33%), pedicel diameter (44.86%), number of flowers (4), flower spathe length (28.82%), spathe width (50%), chlorophyll a (13.48%), chlorophyll b (19.79%), total chlorophyll (17.75%), and carotenoid content (16.39%). Thus, gibberellin plays a crucial role in enhancing flowering traits, with 200 mgL-1 GA3 proving most effective and therefore recommended.   Gibberellin, Growth regulators, Morphological traits, Spathe http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-313-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-313-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Rooting response of variegated bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. ‛Raspberry Ice’) to indole butyric acid treatment and cutting type 17 34 FA Nematollah Etemadi Department of Horticulture, Collage of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology etemadin@iut.ac.ir Y Mehdi Ghaedamini Department of Horticulture, Collage of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology mahdi_ghaedamini@yahoo.com N Maryam Haghighi Department of Horticulture, Collage of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology mhaghighi@iut.ac.ir N Rahim Amirikhah Department of Horticulture, Collage of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology r.amirikhah@ag.iut.ac.ir N Leyla Cheheltanan Department of Horticulture, Collage of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology leila.cheheltanan72@gmail.com N 10.61882/fop.10.1.17 'Raspberry ice' bougainvillea with colorful and beautiful bracts has a great significance in landscape design and green spaces. Cutting propagation is the most cost-effective method for this plant, but the cuttings are difficult to root. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of two types of cutting (hardwood and semi-hardwood cuttings) and different concentrations of indole butyric acid (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 mg L-1) to improve the rooting of 'Raspberry Ice' bougainvillea cuttings. This experiment was carried out in a factorial design based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the rooting percentage, root and shoot length, number of roots, leaves, and lateral branches, and root and shoot fresh and dry weight in hardwood cuttings were higher than in semi-hardwood cuttings. The starch and soluble carbohydrate content in semi-hardwood cuttings were 35.10% and 73.24% higher than in hardwood cuttings, respectively. The highest percentage of rooting was related to the application of 1000 mg L-1 indole butyric acid in woody cuttings, which showed an 84.53% increase compared to the corresponding control treatment. The lowest percentage of rooting was related to the application of indole butyric acid at 4000 mg. L-1 on semi-hardwood cuttings, not significantly different compared to the control treatment. The application of 1000 mg L-1 indole butyric acid resulted in a 41.58% and 45.28% increase in the number of lateral branches and leaves compared to the control. The application of higher concentrations of indole butyric acid, especially at 4000 mg L-1, harmed the root and growth characteristics of the plant. Furthermore, the lowest starch and soluble carbohydrate content belonged to the treatments of 2000 and 1000 mg L-1 of indole butyric acid, indicating the breakdown of these compounds to provide the necessary materials for improving root formation and growth of 'Raspberry Ice' bougainvillea cuttings. In general, the use of hardwood cuttings and the application of 1000 and 2000 mg L-1 indole butyric acid had a positive effect on the growth and rooting characteristics of 'Raspberry Ice' bougainvillea cuttings. 'Raspberry Ice' bougainvillea, Indole butyric acid, Rooting, Semi-hardwood cutting, Hardwood cutting http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-309-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-309-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Effect of intensity and time of pruning on flower quantity and quality of the floribunda rose cv. Iceberg 35 48 FA Mina Farrokhpour Isfahan University of Technology m.farrokhpour@alumni.iut.ac.ir N Nematollah Etemadi Isfahan University of Technology etemadin@iut.ac.ir N Hamed Aalipour Tabriz University h.ali@ag.iut.ac.ir Y 10.61882/fop.10.1.35 Roses are the most important cut flowers, and they are widely used in landscapes. Pruning is one of the factors that affect growth and flowering in roses. Generally, the main reason for pruning is to control the growth, flowering, and fruit production in different plants, which is done by cutting the shoots in the correct location. This experiment was conducted to study the effect of time and severity of pruning on the quantity and quality of rose flowers in field conditions. A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted at Isfahan University of Technology between 2014- 2015. Treatments include two levels of intensity and time of winter pruning (remaining five buds in 4th February and as medium pruning, and remaining two buds in 4th February and 6th March as heavy pruning), and summer pruning (flower pruning and control), in three replications. Each replication contained two pots. Data analysis showed that heavy pruning on 4th February increased the number of flowers, flower diameter, the length of the flowering stalk, and the number of leaves in the flowering stalk. Summer pruning increased the number of flowers in spring and summer, and also increased the length of the flowering stem and the number of leaves in summer. Late and heavy pruning on 6th March delayed the flower initiation. Pruning decreased carbohydrate content in comparison with non-pruned ones. Intensity and time of pruning had not shown a significant difference in nitrate reductase activity. In addition, heavy pruning improved photosynthesis efficiency by increasing light penetration in the plant canopy. To sum up, results suggested that heavy pruning on 4th February was the best time and severity of pruning for the floribunda rose cv Iceberg.   Photosynthesis, Rose, Soluble sugar, Summer pruning, Winter pruning http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-255-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-255-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Effects of nanocomposites on phenological and morpho-physiological traits of Lily (Lilium LA Hybrid ‘Fangio’) under deficit irrigation conditions 49 70 FA tahereh chameh t_chameh@yahoo.com Y Zeynab Roein z_roein@yahoo.com N 10.61882/fop.10.1.49 The floriculture industry is one of the main branches of modern agriculture. On the other hand, water deficit stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects the growth and development of ornamental plants. One of the solutions for managing soil moisture and tolerating flowers to water deficit stress is the use of nanotechnology. This study aimed to investigate the effects of using functionalized carbon nanotubes on changes in the phenology, morphology, and physiology of the Lilium under different irrigation conditions. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University in 2020. The experimental factors included irrigation at two levels (50 and 100% of field capacity) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone-functionalized carbon nanotubes at three levels (0, 15, and 30 mg L-1). The results showed that the highest level of cell membrane stability (59.9%) was achieved with the application of 30 mg L-1 of carbon nanotubes under well-watered conditions, which was an increase of 14% compared to the control treatment. The highest leaf relative water content (73.48%) was achieved with the application of 30 mg L-1 of carbon nanotubes, and the lowest leaf relative water content (64.62%) was achieved in the treatment without the application of carbon nanotubes. The application of carbon nanotubes increased the dry weight of the Lilium shoot under both water-deficient and well-watered conditions. The highest number of Lilium florets (7 florets) was achieved in the treatment of functionalized carbon nanotubes with a concentration of 30 mg L-1 under water deficit stress conditions, and the lowest number of Lilium florets (5 florets) was achieved in well-watered conditions. Water deficit stress increased the number of bulblets by 55.7% compared to optimal irrigation conditions. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of carbon nanotubes to 30 mg L-1 increased the number of lily bulblets by 2.2 times. Also, using 15 and 30 mg of carbon nanotubes increased the number of roots by 22.8 and 25.3%, respectively, compared to not using them. The longest flower longevity on the plant (13 days) was observed with the application of 30 mg L-1 of carbon nanotubes under well-watered conditions, and the shortest flower longevity on lily branches (6 days) was observed with the application of no carbon nanotubes under water deficit stress conditions. In general, irrigation with functionalized carbon nanotubes (30 mg L-1) is the most appropriate solution for improving physiological indices, number of florets, bulblets, roots, and flower longevity of lily under water deficit stress conditions, and is a feasible method for maintaining the quality of lily shoots. Drought stress, Dry matter, Flower longevity, Lilium, Nanotechnology http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-330-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-330-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Feasibility of in vitro generation of Sansevieria trifasciata \'Laurentii\' plantlets through a thin cell layer 71 82 FA Matin Kazemzadeh Bahnamirei Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources matinkazemzadeh1376@gmail.com N Mostafa khoshhal sarmast Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources khoshhal.sarmast@gmail.com Y Mehdi Alizadeh Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources alizadehpub@gmail.com N Mohammad Naghi Padasht Horticulture Crops Research Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education ‎Center, AREEO, Lahijan, Iran padasht45@gmail.com N 10.61882/fop.10.1.71 The Sansevieria plant is widely valued for its upright, fleshy, and attractive leaves, as well as its high adaptability to home conditions. Due to the presence of preclinal chimera tissue in this species and the challenges associated with its propagation via leaf cuttings, finding an effective method to enhance the production of various variegated Sansevieria cultivars is essential. In this study, we examined the longitudinal thin cell layer technique for producing mutated Sansevieria. Our results indicated that plantlets regenerated directly or indirectly from the epidermal layers of the chimeric Sansevieria were, contrary to expectations that they would resemble the mother plant, yellowish mutants, with none resembling the mother plant. In indirect regeneration, shoots were formed from the callus after callus induction. Samples grown in 2,4-D medium were subsequently subcultured in the same medium and showed regeneration without the need for a cytokinin after 80 days. After 80 days of culturing, some samples rooted without requiring IBA. The highest average number of leaves and plantlets in indirect regeneration occurred in the MS medium containing 0.6 mg L-1 of 2,4-D, where approximately 2.5 plantlets were produced after 80 days from the callus. In contrast, the 2,4-D concentration of 0.1 mg L-1 produced about 1.5 plantlets. The MS medium containing 1.2 mg L-1 of BA led to the highest direct shoot regeneration (3.3) using the thin cell layer culture technique. Only 65% of the regenerated samples were able to acclimatize after rooting four months later. Our investigation indicates that producing a preclinal chimera plant resembling the mother plant using the longitudinal thin cell layer culture technique from the outer epidermal layers is not feasible; nearly all produced plants turned out to be yellowish mutants, significantly different from the typical green plants. This finding is noteworthy as no previous studies have investigated the production of variegated ornamental cultivars through thin cell layer culture methods. The results of this research could provide valuable insights for the future production of variegated plant varieties via in vitro culture.   Clonal propagation, TCL, Sansevieria, Genetic stability http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-336-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-336-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 The effect of foliar application of silicon and calcium compounds on growth indices, plant pigments, and flowering period of Zinnia (Zinnia elegans L.) 83 98 FA Reza Eidian Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University eidian_reza@yahoo.com N Elham Danaee Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University dr.edanaee@yahoo.com Y 10.61882/fop.10.1.83 Zinnia is highly valued due to its diverse shapes, colors, and long flowering period, and nutrition is a significant factor in enhancing the quality of this plant. Silicon is a beneficial element that plays a crucial role in building tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and calcium is also a macronutrient and an important component of cell walls. Due to the various functions of these elements in plant metabolism, they have a positive role in increasing the quality of ornamental plants. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of different silicon and calcium compounds on the growth and flowering of Zinnia elegans L. variety Dreamland Rose, in a completely randomized design with three replications in a commercial greenhouse located in Karaj. The treatments included nano-chelated silicon and nano-chelated calcium (0, 1.5, and 3 per 1000) and calcium silicate (0, 150, and 300 mg l-1). Two weeks after the complete establishment of seedlings in pots, the plants were foliar-sprayed three times every 5 days. Sampling and evaluation of traits were performed about two weeks after the last foliar application and at the time of flowering, and finally, sampling was performed at the full flowering stage. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the evaluated traits. The highest fresh and dry weight of flowers (2.28 - 0.75 g), cell membrane stability index (88.43%), flower diameter (9.75 cm), petal carotenoid content (0.94 mg g-1 fresh weight), total leaf chlorophyll (3.11 mg g-1 fresh weight), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity (7.64 µg of cinnamate produced g-1 fresh weight per minute) were observed in the calcium silicate treatment at 300 mg l-1. The highest stem diameter (4.47 cm) and leaf silicon content (4.73 mg g-1 dry weight) were obtained in the nano-chelated silicon treatment at 3 per 1000. The highest number of flowers in a plant (10.23), the number of leaves in a plant (27.63), and leaf calcium content (21.13 mg g-1 dry weight) were observed in the nano-chelated calcium treatment at 3 per 1000, while the lowest values for these traits were observed in the control group. The longest and shortest flowering periods of Zinnia were 109.74 and 101.45 days, and the longest and shortest longevity of Zinnia flowers on the plant were 59.36 and 49.45 days in the calcium silicate treatment at 300 mg l-1 and the control treatment, respectively. Therefore, according to the results of this study, foliar application of calcium silicate at 300 mg l-1 showed the greatest effect on improving the growth and flowering of Zinnia elegans L. Nutrition, Nano-chelate, Shelf life, Zinnia http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-342-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-342-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Effect of foliar spray with different concentrations of calcium silicate on the performance and quality of two cut rose flowers 99 116 FA Saeed Khosravi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad saeedkhosravi0938@gmail.com N Ali Tehranifar Ferdowsi University of Mashhad tehranifar@um.ac.ir Y Yahya Selahvarzi Ferdowsi University of Mashhad selahvarzi@gmail.com N Amir Hossein Khoshgoftarmanesh Isfahan University of Technology amirhkhosh@iut.ac.ir N Leyla Cheheltanan Ferdowsi University of Mashhad leila.cheheltanan72@mail.um.ac.ir N 10.61882/fop.10.1.99 Roses are among the most important cut flowers worldwide. Nutrients play an important role in improving the performance and quality of cut flowers, including roses. Therefore, this research was designed to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest foliar spray with different concentrations of calcium silicate on the growth and vase life of rose flowers. For this purpose, an experimental trial was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete design with two factors: different concentrations of calcium silicate (0%, 50%, and 100%) applied to two popular rose cultivars, Samurai and Jumilia, with 6 replications. The results indicated that foliar application of calcium silicate had a significant effect on improving flower diameter and stem diameter in the Jumilia and Samurai cultivars. Additionally, stem length in the Jumilia cultivar and leaf area in the Samurai cultivar, were influenced by calcium silicate at 100%, but calcium silicate did not have a significant effect on the dry weight to fresh weight ratio of stems and roots in rose cultivars. The foliar application of 100% calcium silicate solution in the Jumilia cultivar resulted in a 3.32% increase in the number of flower branches. The rate of photosynthesis and transpiration significantly increased in Jumilia and Samurai cultivars treated with calcium silicate compared to the control. However, there was no significant difference between the two concentrations of 50% and 100% calcium silicate. Foliar application of calcium silicate led to a significant increase in calcium concentration in the leaves and roots of Jumilia and Samurai cultivars. This increase was 30% and 13.8%, respectively, for the Jumilia cultivar and 92% and 8.5%, respectively, for the Samurai cultivar when using 100% calcium silicate concentration compared to the corresponding control treatment. Calcium silicate caused an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in Jumilia and Samurai cultivars. Additionally, in the Samurai cultivar, the activity levels of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes did not differ significantly between the 50% and 100% calcium silicate concentrations. Calcium silicate at a concentration of 100% resulted in a 22.5% and 28.4% increase in vase life in Samurai and Jumilia cultivars, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between the two concentrations of 50% and 100% calcium silicate. Foliar application of calcium silicate, increased the fresh weight of harvested flowers and delayed subsequent weight loss. This decrease was more severe in the control group of both Samurai and Jumilia cultivars, and ultimately, after 10 days from the time of harvesting, the fresh weight of untreated flowers decreased to less than the weight measured at the time of harvest.   Antioxidant enzymes, calcium, photosynthesis, rose http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-303-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-303-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Turfgrass response to environmental stress: I. Cool-season turfgrasses 117 150 EN Somayeh Esmaeili Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran s.esmaeili@scu.ac.ir Y Elham Esmailpourmoghadam Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama, Japan esmaeilpourmoghadam.e.ab@m.titech.ac.jp N Hassan Salehi Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran hsalehi@shirazu.ac.ir N 10.61882/fop.10.1.117 Cool-season turfgrasses are widely utilized in transitional urban green spaces and sports landscapes, where they often face a variety of abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heat, cold, and shade. Over the last thirty years, numerous studies have explored the morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of various turfgrass species to these environmental challenges, aiming to identify stress-specific resilient cultivars and enhance grass management practices. Cool-season turfgrasses exhibit a range of responses at cellular and whole-organism levels under stress conditions. This article reviews the existing mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in these turfgrasses, focusing on the integration of findings from diverse studies to offer a comprehensive overview of turfgrass adaptation strategies. Key stress indicators such as proline accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll content, and water-use efficiency are discussed concerning specific stress types. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that combined stress conditions can occasionally yield unexpected synergistic or antagonistic effects, affecting plant responses differently than single stress exposures. Understanding these intricate responses is crucial for breeding climate-resilient cultivars, especially given the anatomical limitations of turfgrass species and the necessity for genetic compatibility in gene transfer. This review emphasizes the significance of species-specific knowledge in turfgrass science and lays the groundwork for future research aimed at sustainable grass management under climate change pressures. Drought, Salinity, Low temperature, Heat, Shade, Turf quality. http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-349-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-349-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 The effect of irrigation with filtered wastewater and iron fertilizer application on the morphophysiological characteristics of Pelargonium hortorum var. Horizon Red 151 162 FA mahdi Feizolazadeh university of torbatheydarieh mfa.zadeh.k@gmail.com N Mahboobeh Naseri university of torbatheydarieh m.naseri@torbath.ac.ir Y Ahmad Ahmadian university of torbatheydarieh a.ahmadian@torbath.ac.ir N 10.61882/fop.10.1.151 Absteract: The limitation of water resources has drawn the attention of researchers to the basic use of non-conventional waters such as salt water and municipal and industrial wastewater. Due to the high value of healthy fresh water, wastewater reuse is an efficient option for managing water consumption. To investigate the effects of irrigation with treated wastewater and foliar application of iron fertilizer on the morphophysiological characteristics of geranium, an experiment was conducted in a factorial design within a completely randomized framework with two factors and three replications in a research greenhouse located in Mashhad in the year 1400 (2021-2022). The first factor included two types of irrigation sources (well water and irrigation with wastewater), while the second factor pertained to the foliar application of iron fertilizer, which was examined at three levels: zero, 3, and 6 grams per liter (in the forms of iron chelate and nano iron chelate). The results showed that the effect of fertilizer and type of irrigation water on the assessed traits except for anthocyanin was significant at the probability level of 1%. Comparison of the average effect of fertilizer and irrigation on traits showed that the highest plant height, stem diameter, number of lateral branches, dry weight, proline and carotenoid were observed in iron nano chelate fertilizer and irrigation with wastewater. The use of nano-iron chelates increased the dry weight of the plant by 23% compared to the use of iron chelate in irrigation with wastewater, irrigation with normal water and the use of iron chelate fertilizer was ranked next. The results of the investigation showed that, unlike water stress, urban wastewater not only does not have a harmful effect on the growth and development of geranium, but its use as a soluble fertilizer is recommended for use in green spaces for optimal use of water.   Carotenoid, Geranium, Iron nano-chelate, Sewage effluent http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-338-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-338-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Organic substrate amendments improve growth, nutrient uptake and antioxidant responses in Philodendron erubescens var. prince of orange 163 186 FA Sharifeh Ghasemi SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran nazerimoghadam@yahoo.com N Sepideh Kalateh Jari SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran kalatehjari@srbiau.ac.ir Y Marjan Diyanat SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran m.diyanat@srbiau.ac.ir N 10.61882/fop.10.1.163 In agricultural science, the selection of suitable growth media is recognized as a determining factor in optimal growth, plant health, and input efficiency in ornamental houseplant cultivation. This study investigated the effects of 15 different growing media compositions—1) P30% + C70%, 2) P30% + 6Months FC10% + C60%, 3) P30% + 6Months FC20% + C50%, 4) P30% + 6Months FC30% + C40%, 5) P30% + 12Months FC10% + C60%, 6) P30% + 12Months FC20% + C50%, 7) P30% + 12Months FC30% + C40%, 8) P30% + VC10% + C60%, 9) P30% + VC20% + C50%, 10) P30% + VC30% + C40%, 11) P29% + A1% + C70%, 12) P28% + A2% + C70%, 13) P27% + A3% + C70%, 14) P29% + 6Months FC10% + A1% + C60%, and 15) P29% + 12Months FC10% + A1% + C60%—on the growth and physiology of Philodendron erubescens (Philodendron erubescens var. Prince of Orange) in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results demonstrated that the medium containing 29% perlite + 10% 12-month-old mushroom compost + 1% dried Sargassum seaweed + 60% cocopeat significantly (at the 1% level) improved vegetative growth indices, nutrient uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids). This composition, by supplying natural growth nutrients and hormones, reduced oxidative stress and decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and malondialdehyde accumulation. In contrast, the control treatment (30% perlite + 70% cocopeat) exhibited the highest levels of antioxidant enzyme activity and proline accumulation due to organic matter deficiency, indicating oxidative stress. The findings confirm that growth media containing mushroom compost and seaweed enhance soil physicochemical properties and provide gradual nutrient release, creating optimal conditions for ornamental plant growth. This study highlights the critical role of appropriate growth media selection as a key factor in the production management of ornamental plants. Growing media, Growth enhancement, Ornamental plants, Oxidative stress http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-346-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-346-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Identifying the pitch grass related factors influencing on success of football teams in Khuzestan province 187 200 FA Mohamadreza Salehi Salmi Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan Salehi@asnrukh.ac.ir Y Masoumeh Fourozani Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan m.forouzani@asnrukh.ac.ir N Asiah Sadat Mousavian Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan asieh.mousavian@gmail.com N 10.61882/fop.10.1.187 Lawn plays a critical role in the preparation of sports fields, particularly in football. Despite its significance in enhancing team performance, the influence of pitch grass quality on the success of football teams remains underexplored. This study examines the factors associated with pitch grass that contribute to the success of football teams in Khuzestan Province. Using a survey methodology, the research focused on teams competing in the provincial Premier League. A sample of 50 players was selected through simple random sampling, and data were collected via a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. The findings reveal that players perceive pitch grass quality as a key determinant of performance, significantly influencing playing speed, balance, jumping and landing efficiency, and ball-striking power. Additionally, pitch grass quality was emphasized for its role in agility, rapid directional changes, injury prevention, and overall player mobility. Respondents rated provincial clubs favorably in terms of general pitch grass maintenance, agronomic practices, field appearance, and overall care. Regression analysis demonstrated that these four factors collectively account for 31.4% of the variance in team success, with general pitch grass maintenance emerging as the most influential factor. Based on these results, practical recommendations for pitch grass management and maintenance in football fields are provided.   Aesthetic quality, Field management, Football players, Turf maintenance, Turfgrass mowing http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-344-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-344-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 10 1 2025 4 1 Evaluation of integrated control strategies for the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) on a greenhouse-grown gerbera 201 214 FA Asghar Hosseininia Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) asghar.hosseini.nia@gmail.com Y Mohammad Hossein Azimi Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) m.h.azimi58@gmail.com N Hossein Bayat Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) bayat_new@yahoo.com N 10.61882/fop.10.1.201 Gerbera (Gerbera jamesoni L.), Asteraceae, is a cut flower native to South Africa. It is a perennial plant with a variety of colors. The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) is an important insect pest that causes economic damage and reduces the marketability of Gerbera. At first, three vegetable oils: neem oil, marigold, and castor oil (Dayabon®), and the acaricide cyflumetofene (Danisarba®) were bioassayed on the spider mite on the back of gerbera leaf cuttings. Then, the synergistic effects of the oils on the acaricide cyflumetofene were evaluated. Finally, a supplementary experiment compared the release of 0, 45, 50, and 55 predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseidae), predator mite per square meter in a gerbera greenhouse, with the selected treatment of oil mixed with acaricide. The results of bioassay of the compounds showed that in the three stages of eggs, nymphs, and adult mites, neem oil with LC50 of 1549, 1261, and 1098 ppm had the highest lethality among the oils, and the LC50 of cyflumetofene with LC50 of 331, 272 and 224 ppm for eggs, nymphs and adult mites showed more mortality than the oils. The mortality effect of cyflumetofene mixed with neem oil had synergy rates of 3.23, 3.12, and 3.36 on eggs, nymphs, and adult mites, respectively, which confirms the synergy of oil on the poison. Therefore, the method of integrating the application of a mixture of cyflumethophene (SC 20%), 0.8 ml L-1 with 0.7 ml L-1 neem oil with the release of 50 predatory mites of A. swirskii had the most effect on reducing the spider mite on gerbera, which is recommended as an appropriate control method and for continuity of control, the ability to release A. swirskii predatory mite should be repeated monthly.  Botanical oils, Cyflometofen, Gerbera, Perdator mite, Spider mite http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-290-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-290-en.pdf