Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Survey and identification of some plant pathogenic viruses from Dendranthema×grandiflorum, Ipomoea sp., and Dieffenbachia sp. from Iran 167 184 FA Mehrdad Salehzadeh Plant Virology Research Center, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran mehrdadsalehzadeh@gmail.com Y Alireza Afsharifar Plant Virology Research Center, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran afshari@shirazu.ac.ir N saeedeh Dehghanpour farashah Agriculture Department, Payame Noor University, Tehran, I. R. Iran sdfarashah@pnu.ac.ir N Tayyebe kyani-Bahram abadi Ms.C of plant pathology, Shahid chamran university, Ahvaz, I. R. Iran. Kiyani1386@yahoo.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.167 The spread of plant pathogenic viruses is exacerbated by vegetative propagation, which facilitates rapid transmission. In the spring and summer of 2022, symptomatic samples of Dendranthema×grandiflorum plants exhibiting mosaic symptoms, leaf deformation, and occasional chlorotic spots were collected from green spaces in Tehran, Tabriz, Yazd, and Shiraz. Additionally, Ipomoea sp. samples with chlorotic spots were collected from the Faculty of Agriculture at Shiraz University, while Dieffenbachia sp. houseplant samples with mosaic symptoms and leaf deformities were obtained from greenhouses in Yazd. To identify the causative viral agents in these symptomatic plants, degenerate primers targeting significant virus families, as well as specific primers for the Cucumber mosaic virus, were utilized. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with Tobamovirus-specific primers, based on a fragment of the viral coat protein, confirmed Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection in symptomatic Dendranthema leaves, amplifying an 880 bp fragment. Additionally, RT-PCR on Ipomoea sp. and Dieffenbachia sp. samples with Potyvirus degenerate primers, targeting the nuclear inclusion body region, amplified 350 bp fragments. Subsequent sequencing confirmed Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV) in Dieffenbachia sp. and Sweet potato virus G (SPVG) in Ipomoea sp. Control assays indicated no viral presence in asymptomatic plants. To our knowledge, this study presents the first report of Dendranthema, Ipomoea, and Dieffenbachia species infections with these viruses in Iran.   Tobamovirus, Potyvirus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Dashin mosaic virus, Sweet potato virus G. http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-302-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-302-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Strengthening urban resilience through landscape architecture: A comprehensive review of strategies and best practices 185 206 EN Mojtaba Goldani engr.goldani@gmail.com Y N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.185 This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between landscape architecture and resiliency. The review explores various aspects of resiliency in the context of landscape architecture, including ecological, social, and economic dimensions. It examines the role of landscape architecture in creating resilient landscapes and addressing challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and natural disasters. By reviewing key scholarly works, case studies, and professional literature, this study offers insights into the strategies, approaches, and best practices employed by landscape architects to enhance resiliency in the built environment. The literature review also highlights some challenges and limitations faced by landscape architects and identifies areas for future research and innovation. It explores the concept of resiliency and its dimensions, discusses the role of landscape architecture in promoting resiliency, and presents case studies highlighting resilient coastal landscapes, urban parks, and water management systems. The findings emphasize the significance of landscape architecture in fostering resiliency and its potential to address environmental, social, and economic challenges in an increasingly uncertain world. Overall, this study contributes to the body of knowledge surrounding landscape architecture and its role in creating resilience. The review concludes by identifying research gaps and suggesting potential avenues for future investigations.   Climate change, Resiliency, Landscape architecture, Natural disasters, Urbanization http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-305-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-305-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Impact of slow-release fertilizer amounts at various cultivation stages on the growth and development of zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum \'Maverik Star\') 207 220 FA parya dehkhodaie parya.dehkhodaie@gmail.com N Masoud Ghasemi Ghehsareh Shahrekord University mghasemi1352@gmail.com Y Saeid Reezi Shahrekord University sreezi57@yahoo.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.207 Achieving a precise fertilization program is very important in potted plant cultivation. This issue becomes more important in the use of slow-release fertilizers, which provide nutrients to the plant for a longer period. For this purpose, the effect of applying Fermocomplex, a slow-release fertilizer with an 18-11-12 S+Mg+TE formula, on the growth and development of geranium was investigated. The research was done in a completely randomized design and with the use of different amounts of fertilizer during three stages (planting seeds (seedling stage), transferring seedlings to pots (vegetative stage), and transferring plants to final pots until flowering (reproductive stage)) in a medium including 10% rice husk + 40% perlite + 50% peat moss. In the first stage, the treatments included 3, 6, and 9 kg m-3, and in the second and third stages, they included 0, 3, 6, and 9 kg m-3 of fertilizer. Based on the amount of fertilizer at each stage, the treatments were identified with three-digit codes, each number representing the amount of fertilizer. After 6 months of seed sowing, growth indices were measured, including plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, number of branches, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, number of flowers, and chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of leaves. Based on the results, different amounts of fertilizer caused significant differences in chlorophyll content and all growth indices except the stem diameter but did not affect the amount of leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The greatest plant heights (41.9 cm and 44.8 cm) were observed in the treatments with 3 kg m⁻³ across all three stages (treatment 3-3-3) and 9 kg m⁻³ in the first and second stages (treatment 9-9-0), respectively. Similarly, the highest number of inflorescences (9.3, 10, and 10.6) was recorded in treatments 3-3-0, 3-3-3, and 6-6-6, respectively. In general, plants that were fertilized in two or three stages, in most traits such as height, chlorophyll content, number of leaves, number of flowers, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, were superior to plants that were fertilized in only one stage. The best growth was observed with the consumption of 3 kg m-3 fertilizer in all three stages (3-3-3 treatment), and a higher amount of fertilizer. Chlorophyll, Fertilization, Flowering, Geranium, Growth http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-314-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-314-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 The effects of substrate composition and phosphorus source on the photosynthetic indexes, flowering time, and corm production of Freesia refracta Klatt 221 240 FA Ali Pourkhaloee Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan alipourkhaloee@vru.ac.ir Y Samira Haghnegahdar Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan hgnsamira@gmail.com N Hamid Reza Karimi Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan h.karimi214@vru.ac.ir N Mohammad Hossein Azimi Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) m.h.azimi58@gmail.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.221 In the present study, corms of a local diploid genotype of freesia (OPRC434) were planted in sand (100%), sand (50%) + peat moss (50%), peat moss (80%) + perlite (20%), peat moss (60%) + perlite (40%), and peat moss (40%) + perlite (60%). After corm sprouting, plants received monopotassium phosphate (150 or 300 mg/L) or monoammonium phosphate (132 or 264 mg/L). Plants in peat moss (40%) + perlite (60%) that received 132 mg/L of monoammonium phosphate, showed the highest average of stomatal conductance (0.071 µmol H2O m-2 s-1) with an increase of approximately twofold. The photosynthesis rate did not show a significant difference among different ratios of peat moss + perlite. In peat moss (40%) + perlite (60%) and by the application of 150 mg/L of monopotassium phosphate, the minimum number of days from planting to flowering was obtained (87.75 d). All the plants grown in peat moss (60%) + perlite (40%) managed to produce flowers, which was almost twice the flowering percentage of the plants grown in sand (100%). The maximum average weight of daughter corms (7.45 g) was obtained in peat moss (60%) + perlite (40%), which was approximately 2.5 times the average weight of daughter corm produced in sand (100%). The heaviest cormlets (2.92 g) were obtained in the peat moss (40%) + perlite (60%), which were almost 2 times heavier than the cormlets produced in the 100% sand (1.42 g). Considering flowering and yield, peat moss (60%) + perlite (40%) and 150 mg/L monopotassium phosphate were the best and most economical substrates and source/concentration of phosphorus. However, considering the cut flower price of diploid freesia in Iran, its soilless cultivation at the commercial level needs economic assessments. However, the results of the present study will be useful for growing this freesia genotype in scientific research or home gardening.   Mono-ammonium phosphate, Mono-potassium phosphate, Photosynthesis, Stomatal conductance, Transpiration http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-324-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-324-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Comparison of the lethal effects of abamectin, various concentrations of Melia azedarach L. extract, and the botanical insecticide Diabon on different life stages of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) 241 252 FA Kamal Ahmadi Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman kahmadi@uk.ac.ir Y Ahmad Abdollahzadeh zarandi Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Ahmad108@agr.uk.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.239 The use of ornamental flowers in urban green spaces is extensive across different seasons and inseparable from contemporary urban management. The periodic application of pesticides in urban environments is common to maintain the aesthetic appeal of various plants and ensure citizen satisfaction with urban management activities. The cabbage aphid is a significant pest in urban green spaces during the winter, causing economic damage and transmitting viral diseases by feeding on plant sap if left uncontrolled. This study evaluates the lethal effects of different concentrations of two botanical compounds, Diabon and Melia azedarach L. extract, alongside the chemical pesticide abamectin, compared to a control treatment (water) on the population control of cabbage aphid on ornamental cabbage. Treatment efficacy was assessed by sampling and comparing the aphid populations on ten selected leaves from ten ornamental cabbage plants at intervals of seven, fourteen, and twenty-one days after spraying. The results indicated that the abamectin treatment (8.44 ± 2.9) was effective in controlling the cabbage aphid population. Following this chemical pesticide, the botanical pesticides Diabon at a concentration of 8000 ppm (1.8±0.72) and M. azedarach extract at concentrations of 4000 ppm (4.83±1.2) and 8000 ppm (4.66±1.3) were also effective in reducing the cabbage aphid population during the initial seven days and can be used in integrated pest management.   Abamectin, Botanical pesticide, Cabbage aphid, Persian lilac extract, Ornamental cabbage http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-325-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-325-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Effects of different levels of benzyl adenine on in vitro regeneration and growth of Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis.) 253 262 FA Manijhe Eslami Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University manijheeslami@gmail.com N Mahnaz Karimi Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University karimi.sanru@gmail.com Y Hossein Moradi Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University h.moradi@sanru.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.251 The Venus flytraps (Dionaea muscipula Ellis.) is an endangered ornamental plant, which little study has been done on its micropropagation. Cytokinins are a group of plant growth hormones that stimulate cell division, cell differentiation, stem initiation and reproductive growth in many plants. In this group, there are different types of cytokinins that can affect the physiology, growth and development of plants. Benzyl adenine is the adenine type of this group. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of benzyl adenine on the regeneration and growth of Venus flytrap. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Seedlings were grown in Murashig and Skoog culture medium with different concentrations of benzyl adenine (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/l). According to the obtained results, the effect of different concentrations of benzyl adenine on the rooting index and the number of roots was significant at the level of one percent probability and on the regeneration index, the number of leaves and the number of embryos at the level of five percent probability. The highest rooting index with 99.97% was in the concentration of 0.1 mg/l of benzyl adenine and the lowest was related to the concentration of 0.3 mg/l. The highest chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids were recorded in the concentration of 0.1 mg/liter of benzyl adenine. The highest ratio of chlorophyll a/b was obtained at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l of benzyl adenine. According to the results of the present study, the concentration of 0.1 mg/l of benzyl adenine has a significant effect compared to two concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5 mg/l on regeneration index, rooting index, number of roots and chlorophyll and carotenoid content.    Cytokinin, Tissue Culture, Chlorophyll, Ornamental plant http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-306-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-306-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 The influence of irrigation intensity on Kentucky bluegrass: Visual quality and morpho-physiological traits assessment 263 278 FA MOhamad Akbari Department of Horticultural Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran. akbari04@yahoo.com N Mohamadreza Salehi Salmi Agricultral Sciennces and Natural Resource University of Khuzestan Salehi@asnrukh.ac.ir Y Nourali sajedi Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Nourali.sajedi@iau.ac.ir N Masoud Gomarian Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Masoud.Gomarian@iau.ac.ir N Mehdi Changizi Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran mchangizi47@gmail.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.261 This study investigates the morpho-physiological responses of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) to different irrigation levels. Employing a split plot within a completely randomized design, the experiment was conducted over time with three replications. Kentucky bluegrass seeds were sown in cylindrical pots measuring 23 cm in diameter and 20 cm in height under greenhouse conditions. Irrigation was administered to allow water to egress slowly from the pot's drainage outlets. Following a 6-month growth period and full establishment, three irrigation treatments (100%, 75%, and 50% of field capacity) were applied. Response variables were measured at four intervals: initial (day 0), 15th, 30th, and 45th days post-irrigation commencement. The study revealed a temporal decline in drought stress tolerance, grass quality, relative leaf water content, and chlorophyll levels, with the most pronounced effects observed at 50% field capacity irrigation. Concurrently, prolonged stress conditions led to a marked increase in malondialdehyde and proline concentrations. Analysis of soluble carbohydrates indicated an increase in this metric under the 75% FC irrigation treatment over time. In contrast, the 50% FC treatment showed an initial increase until day 15, followed by a decrease. Water consumption was highest in the 100%, 75%, and 50% FC irrigation treatment, in descending order. The findings highlight the critical impact of irrigation levels on the health and stress tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass, with implications for agricultural practices and water resource management.   Dry, Turfgrass, Malondialdehyde, Visual http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-308-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-308-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 The impact of various greenhouse floor coverings on the growth of roses 279 298 FA Seyyed Fazel Fazeli Kakhki Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran sf_fazeli@yahoo.com Y Mahdi Samangani Graduated from the field of greenhouse production at the undergraduate level from the University of Applied Science and Technology beiczadeh@yahoo.com N Nasser Beikzadeh Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran beiczadeh@gmail.com N Morteza Goldani Dep. of Agrotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran goldani@um.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.277 The reaction of the photosynthetic apparatus in capturing light energy depended on the arrangement of the leaves, stems, and side branches. This process accelerates in the substrate when the intensity of the absorbed photon flow passes from the light compensation point. To evaluate the effect of greenhouse floor covering on the growth rate of roses, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete design with three replications in a rose production greenhouse in the spring of 2020. The experimental factors included greenhouse floor mulch in four levels (aluminum foil, ceramic, white plastic, and concrete (control)) and the second factor of eight weeks of growth. The results showed that the maximum photosynthesis (17.1 µmol CO2m–2S–1) was recorded from aluminum mulch in the first growth week and the minimum of it (4.05 µmol CO2.m–2.s–1) was observed in the fourth growth week in concrete mulch. The trend changes in stomatal conductance (gs) was similar to the photosynthesis during the eight weeks of plant growth, but in the abaxial lower leaves, the stomatal conductance was higher than the value of abaxial in upper leaves. The maximum amount of weekly growth (18.7 cm) was due to the application of aluminum mulch in the first week of growth. The amount of plant growth was slow in all treatments, however, in the eighth week, the maximum amount of weekly growth with the amount of 13.3 cm was related to aluminum mulch, and the amount of weekly growth in ceramic, white plastic, and concrete mulches was recorded 12.0, 9.99 and 9.2 cm, respectively. In general, the results showed that the use of mulches that have a higher light reflection coefficient is effective and significant in increasing the photosynthetic power of lower leaves and helping to increase plant growth.   Chlorophyll, Light reflected, Photosynthesis, Stomata Conductance http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-310-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-310-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Effects of seaweed extract on the growth and biochemical characteristics of scented-leaved geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) under salinity stress conditions 299 314 FA seyedeh Shaghayegh Nabavi Department of Horticultural Sciences and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran shaghayegh.nabavi1995@gmail.com N Marzieh Ghanbari jahromi Department of Horticultural Sciences and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ghanbari@srbiau.ac.ir Y Seyed Najmmaddin Mortazavi College of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran Mortazavi46@gmail.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.299 The use of biofertilizers is of particular importance in mitigating the effects of environmental stresses on plants. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of seaweed extract on the growth, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) under salt stress. Salt stress was applied at three levels (0, 60, and 120 mM) in combination with seaweed extract (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 g/L) in a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that salt stress at 120 mM significantly reduced the morphological traits of the plant (fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and roots) and the levels of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and total). The application of seaweed extract alleviated the effects of salt stress on scented geranium. Under 120 mM salt stress and without seaweed extract, the highest levels of soluble carbohydrates (36.69%) and proline (37.63%) were observed compared to the control. Overall, the results indicated that scented geranium exhibited greater tolerance to mild salt stress compared to severe salt stress, and seaweed extract played a significant role in mitigating the negative effects of salt stress by enhancing growth and the production of metabolic compounds in scented geranium. Biostimulant, Dry weight, Environmental stress, Proline http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-298-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-298-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Optimizing vase-life and growth of Gladiolus grandiflorus L. ‘White Prosperity’ via corm priming and foliar application of PGRs under Khuzestan Climate Condition 315 336 FA Golnaz Amin Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan golnazz.amin@gmail.com N Mohamadreza Salehi Salmi Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan Salehi@asnrukh.ac.ir Y Mohamad Hosein Daneshvar Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan mhdaneshvar2004@yahoo.com N Ahmad Zare Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan zareh.ahmad@yahoo.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.315 Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) is one of the most important cut flowers in Iran and globally. Improving its morphological, biochemical, and post-harvest characteristics is crucial in the floriculture industry. For this purpose, the 'White Prosperity' cultivar was treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) as a priming agent and foliar spraying with salicylic acid (SA). The experimental design was a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The concentrations of GA3 were 0 and 150 mg L-1, and the concentrations of SA were 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg L-1. The results showed that the combined use of priming with 150 mg L-1 of GA3 and spraying with 200 mg L-1 of SA positively affected protein and carbohydrate content, nitrogen and potassium absorption, the number of cormlets, and vase life. Increasing the concentration of SA enhanced these characteristics. Additionally, the results indicated that priming with GA3 alone or spraying with SA alone had a greater effect on total chlorophyll content, phosphorus absorption, inflorescence length, and diameter, and shoot weight compared to the combined treatments.   Corm, Flower quality, Hormone, Immersion, Inflorescence, Post-harvest http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-322-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Physiological and biochemical responses of four petunia cultivars under different levels of water deficit stress 337 358 FA Leyla Cheheltanan Ferdowsi University of Mashhad leila.cheheltanan72@gmail.com N Ali Tehranifar Ferdowsi University of Mashhad tehranifar@um.ac.ir Y mahmoud shoor Ferdowsi University of Mashhad shoor@um.ac.ir N Hossein Nemati Ferdowsi University of Mashhad nemati@um.ac.ir N Ferdowsi University of Mashhad saeedkhosravi0938@gmail.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.337 This study investigated the effects of water deficit stress on the growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters of four Petunia cultivars: 1. Iranian Petunia (P1), 2. Hybrid Supercascade White Petunia (P2), 3. Hybrid Grandiflora Frost Blue Petunia (P3), and 4. Hybrid Grandiflora Crimson Star Petunia (P4) under different levels of water deficit (90%, 60%, and 30% of field capacity). The experiment was conducted in a factorial design with four replications in a completely randomized layout. The results showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots. The greatest reductions in shoot and root fresh and dry weights were observed in cultivars P4 and P3. Under severe stress conditions, stem height in cultivars P1 and P2 decreased by 40.4% and 43.3%, respectively. Moreover, the number of lateral branches in cultivars P1 and P3 increased under moderate water deficit stress (by 24.4% and 42.9%, respectively), but significantly declined under severe stress. Water deficit stress also significantly reduced root diameter in cultivar P3 (by 48%). Severe water stress decreased both flower diameter and the number of flowers in all four cultivars, with the greatest reduction in flower diameter (22.97%) observed in cultivar P4 and the highest reduction in flower number (72.3%) recorded in cultivar P1. Electrolyte leakage increased under severe water deficit stress, with cultivar P4 exhibiting the highest electrolyte leakage (36.1%). Leaf relative water content decreased under drought conditions, with the greatest reduction (24.4%) observed in cultivar P4. Proline content reached its highest level in cultivar P1 under severe stress conditions (2.24 µmol g⁻¹ fresh weight). Total carbohydrate concentration increased in cultivars P1 and P2 under severe stress (by 21.6% and 19.5%, respectively). Chlorophyll a and b contents decreased under drought conditions, with cultivar P4 showing the lowest chlorophyll b content (0.53 mg g⁻¹ fresh leaf weight) under severe stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased under moderate stress in cultivars P1, P2, and P3 (by 34.45%, 52.5%, and 24.9%, respectively), but showed no significant changes under severe stress. Catalase (CAT) activity increased in cultivar P1 (by 29.5%), while it decreased in the other three cultivars. Peroxidase (POD) activity was highest in cultivar P1 under non-stress conditions (5.65 units g⁻¹ fresh weight) and further increased (by 9.6%) under water deficit stress. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that proline and total carbohydrate contents were positively correlated with antioxidant enzyme activities, and chlorophyll a and b were closely associated with each other. Overall, cultivar P1 exhibited the highest drought tolerance, followed by cultivars P2 and P4, respectively. Antioxidant enzymes, Growth parameters, Photosynthetic pigments, Carbohydrate http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-321-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-321-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Effect of LED lights and elicitors on photosynthesis indices of snadpdragon (Antirrhum majus) 359 374 FA Sahar Sardari Department of Horticulture Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili saharsardari747@gmail.com N Younes PouYrbeyrami Hir Department of Horticulture Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili Younes-ph62@uma.ac.ir Y Esmaei l Chamani Department of Horticulture Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili echamani@uma.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.359 Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) belongs to the Plantaginaceae family. While it is a perennial plant, it is often cultivated as an annual, especially in regions with cold winters. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of different LED light spectra and carbon nanotube concentrations on the physiological characteristics of snapdragon plants. This experiment was conducted under controlled conditions using a CRD_ based factorial design with 4 replications. Treatments included various LED light combinations (white, blue, red, and their 80% blue light + 20% red light, 60% blue light + 40% red light, 40% blue light + 60% red light and 20% blue light + 80% red lightcombinations) and 3 concentrations of carbon nanotubes (control, 50 and 100 mg/liter). Evaluated parameters were chlorophyll content, stomatal conductivity, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Results indicated that both LED light spectra and carbon nanotubes, significantly influenced the growth and physiological responses of snapdragon plants. Specific findings include: LED light spectra had varying effects on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and fluorescence. Generally, blue light enhanced vegetative growth, while red light influenced flowering and biomass accumulation. The combination of red and blue light often yielded optimal results. Carbon nanotubes, particularly at higher concentrations, affected stomatal conductance and fluorescence. Their interaction with light treatments further modulated plant responses. Chlorophyll content, a key indicator of photosynthetic efficiency, was significantly affected by both light and nanotube treatments. Stomatal conductance, which regulates gas exchange, was also influenced. Fluorescence measurements provided insights into the efficiency of light energy utilization in photosynthesis. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combination of LED lights and carbon nanotubes can be an edfficient tool for manipulating plant growth and physiology. The optimal light spectrum and carbon nanotube concentration varied depending on the parameter being investigated. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex interactions between light, nanomaterials, and plant growth, and have potential applications in controlled environment agriculture and plant biotechnology.   Carbon nanotubes, Chlorophyll, Fluorescence, LED lights, Stomatal Conductance http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-320-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-320-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 Effect of spirulina and brown algae on salinity tolerance of ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L. cv. Kamome) 375 396 FA Sajad Rashidi Kurdkandi Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan sajjadrashidyy@gmail.com N Mitra Aelaei Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan maelaei@znu.ac.ir Y Zahra Ghahremani Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan z.ghahremani@znu.ac.ir N Fahimeh Salehi Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan fahime.salehi@znu.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.377 Ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L.), a member of the Brassicaceae family, is adversely affected by excessive salt accumulation, which is one of the most significant environmental stresses impacting plant growth and development. Therefore, identifying strategies to mitigate salinity stress and enable cultivation in saline soils is essential. To investigate the effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and brown algae (Polycladia indica) extracts on reducing the impact of salinity stress in ornamental cabbage, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete design with four replications in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan. The first factor included salinity levels of irrigation water (4 and 8 dS/m), along with a control (non-saline condition). The second factor included the application of 2% brown algae, 2% Spirulina algae, and a control (no algae). Morphophysiological traits such as leaf number, leaf area index, fresh and dry root weight, fresh shoot weight, total chlorophyll, antioxidant activity, total phenols, electrolyte leakage, proline content, peroxidase enzyme activity, and sodium and potassium concentrations were measured. The results indicated that both salinity stress and algae application had significant effects on all traits, and the interaction between salinity and algae was significant for traits such as leaf number, root fresh and dry weight, total phenols, and sodium and potassium content. According to the mean comparisons, algae treatments resulted in the highest values for leaf area index (42.52 cm²), shoot fresh weight (153.33 g/plant), and root fresh and dry weights (17.42 g and 6.44 g/plant, respectively), compared to the control. Furthermore, under salinity stress, sodium concentration in the aerial parts of the plant increased, but the application of algae moderated this effect and reduced sodium accumulation. Both Spirulina and brown algae significantly decreased sodium content in the aerial parts at higher salinity levels. Overall, salinity stress negatively affected the morphophysiological traits of ornamental cabbage. Among the two algae, Spirulina showed a better response and effectively alleviated the adverse effects of salinity stress. In other words, algae application at higher salinity levels can reduce damage caused by salt stress. Algae, Ornamental cabbage, Peroxidase, Salt stress, Spirulina http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-287-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-287-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 2 2024 11 1 The ecological landscape value of ancient and old cypress trees (Cupressus sempervirens L.) for sustainable tourism in Iran 397 426 FA Homayoun Farahmand homayoun.farahmand@gmail.com Y Saeed Aizadeh saeedalizadehshz@gmail.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.399 Old cypress trees of Iran are highly appreciable for tourism goals due to their symbolic, historic, cultural, religious and environmental values. Tourism is a leading and dynamic industry, hence valuable from economic, social and cultural perspectives at international and local level. Heritage trees have a significant role in tourism industry. Iran is one of the main centers of origins of common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in the world. This evergreen and sacred tree is a prominent part of history, culture, literature, traditions, arts, religious beliefs, romance, folklore and economy of the countries in the Mediterranean basin, Southwest Asia, Asia Minor and North Africa. Moreover, cypress tree is the symbol of eternity and immortality, hence planted in cemeteries in Iran and some other countries from immemorial. The occurrence of some rare ancient cypress trees and many old ones in different parts of the country, indicates the adaptability of this tree species to climatic conditions of Iran. The millennial and centennial cypress trees of Iran are invaluable for ecotourism and their unique distribution across the country, paves the ground for benefiting from all other tourism appeals along with "Iran cypress trees tour". Monumental cypress trees in Iran are found in historic gardens, botanic gardens, public gardens, private gardens, fire temples, tombs, mosques and other religious and historic sites, highlighting their tourism value. Iran cypress trees tour as a tourism event is addressed in this article and could be scheduled as provincial, regional or national. Cypress museum is also another suggestion of the authors and Shiraz University Natural History and Technology Museum, is a good candidate for this purpose. Considering the significance of ancient and old cypress trees of Iran for tourism, the protection of these heritage trees is vital and requires governmental support and effective contribution of people and NGOs. In this review article, the value of old cypress trees of Iran as a precious tourism appeal, is addressed and the necessity for their protection and propagation is briefly presented. Biodiversity, Conservation, Ecotourism, Heritage trees, Iran http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-331-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-331-en.pdf