Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 Effect of selenium foliar application on the morphophysiological characteristics and enzyme activities of English daisy (Bellis perennis) under water deficit stress 1 16 FA aliakbar jabari Islamic Azad University Islamic Azad University Garmsar Branch sams79974@gmail.com N elham danaee Islamic Azad University Garmsar Branch dr.edanaee@yahoo.com Y 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.1 English daisy (Bellis perennis) is a perennial and autumn plant that is one of the best options for rock gardens, garden borders, and window pots due to its abundant flowers and long flowering period. Water deficit is one of the factors affecting the quantity and quality of plants. Today, various compounds are used to increase the tolerance of plants to environmental stresses; one of these compounds is selenium, which increases the plant's tolerance to stress by increasing antioxidant compounds and enzymes. To investigate the effect of selenium foliar application on the growth, physiological and enzymatic activity of English daisy (Bellis perennis) under water deficit stress, an experiment was conducted at Karaj, Iran. The treatments included drought stress (control (no stress), 75, 50 and 25% field capacity) and foliar application of selenium in a form of selenat sodium (zero, 50 and 100 mg L-1). Water deficit stress was applied at the 6-8 leaf stage and selenium foliar application was performed in two stages, the first stage was carried out at 6-8 leaf stage and the second stage was done with a time interval of two weeks after the first stage foliar spraying, and finally sampling was done at the full flowering stage. The results showed that the treatments had significant effects on the evaluated traits. The highest fresh and dry weights of aerial parts (16.42-135.17 g), and cell membrane stability index (84.35%) were observed in the treatment of control field capacity and selenium 50 mg L-1. The highest fresh and dry weights of roots (5.28-39.46 g), petal anthocyanin level (0.92 mg g-1 FW petal), protein (34.2 μg g-1 FW petal), catalase activity (68 5.1 enzyme units g-1 FW petal), superoxide dismutase (3.27 enzyme units g-1 FW petal) and peroxidase (10.32 enzyme units g-1 FW petal) were obtained in 75% fild capacity and 50 mg L-1 selenium. The highest total chlorophyll content (6.43 mg g-1 FW leaf) in the treatment of 50% field capacity and 50 mg L-1selenium and the highest amount of proline (37.45 mg g-1 DW leaf) in the treatment of 25% field capacity and selenium were observed at 100 mg L-1. According to the results of this research, it can be stated that selenium foliar application (50 mg L-1) in all levels of water deficit stress improved the growth, physiological characteristics and enzyme activities of English daisy under water deficit stress. Anthocyanin, Bellis perennis, Field capacity, Protein http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-286-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-286-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 Effect of fulvic acid on some morphological characteristics and leaf elements of Alstroemeria (Alstroemeria aurea \'Orange Queen\') 17 30 FA Fereshteh Sahraie Urmia University fereshtehsahraiy@gmail.com N Zohreh Jabbarzadeh Urmia University z.jabbarzadeh@urmia.ac.ir Y Jafar Amiri Urmia University j.amiri@urmia.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.17 Alstroemeria is considered one of the most important and popular ornamental cut flowers in the global flower and plant markets due to its beautiful flowers and wide variety of colors The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fulvic acid application on the morphological characteristics of Alstroemeria and to determine its appropriate concentration to improve growth and flowering characteristics as well as absorption of leaf elements. Alstroemeria (Alstroemeria aurea 'Orange Queen') was used for this research. The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design using fulvic acid at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L at intervals of two weeks for four months with three replications and each replication including two pots. The growth medium of the plants in the greenhouse was a mixture of perlite and cocopeat in a ratio of 1:3. During the period of growth and flowering of plants, a nutrient solution was used in the culture medium. It should be mentioned that in different stages of growth, the temperature of the greenhouse was 10-13/16-18ºC (day/night). At the end of the research, morphological indicators such as leaf number, leaf area, length of flowering stem, number of florets, length, and diameter of florets, and the amount of some elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc were measured. The results showed that the concentration of 100 mg/L of fulvic acid was able to create a significant difference in increasing the number and surface of leaves compared to the control and other concentrations of fulvic acid. Application of all concentrations of fulvic acid caused a significant increase in the number of florets compared to the control. In this study, the concentration of 100 mg/L of fulvic acid increased the flower diameter of Alstroemeria by 1.4 times compared to the control. The maximum floret length was observed in the concentration of 100 mg/L of fulvic acid and the lowest floret length was observed in the control. The concentration of 100 mg/L of fulvic acid could increase the length of the flowering stem by 1.6 times compared to the control. The lowest amount of phosphorus in Alstroemeria leaves was observed in the control and the highest amount of phosphorus was observed in the concentration of 100 mg/L of fulvic acid. In general, using fulvic acid had a positive effect on the measured characteristics. In this research, concentration of 100 mg/L of fulvic acid was more effective than the other concentrations. Alstroemeria, Flower diameter, Flowering stem, Humic substances, Leaf iron http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-284-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-284-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 Effect of gibberellic acid on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two Calla lily species in a hydroponic system 31 46 FA Esmaeil Khaleghi Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz khaleghi@scu.ac.ir Y Zahra Behbahani Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz zahrabehbahani282@gmail.com N Mehrangiz Chehrazi Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz chehrazi.m@scu.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.31 Calla Lily (Zantedeschia sp.) is a day-neutral plant of Araceae family that is native to South and Central Africa. The number and quality of this flower can be influenced by plant growth regulators such as gibberellic acid. For this purpose, research was conducted to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 500, and 600 mg/L) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two varieties of Calla lily. This experiment was conducted as a factorial in randomized complete blocks design in three replications in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The results demonstrated that the application of gibberellic acid (especially at a concentration of 600 mg/L), significantly increased leaf fresh and dry weight, flower fresh and dry weight, leaf area, number of buds, spath length, vase life, amount of chlorophyll and carotenoid of leaf and spath, carbohydrate and starch in both Z. aethiopica and Z. rehmanii species. This increase was more in aethiopica than rehmanii species and reached the highest level in most characteristics such as leaf dry weight, fresh weight of flowers, number of buds, cut flowers length, vase life, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids, and spot chlorophyll. In general, the results showed that the use of GA3 can improve Calla Lily's quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Gibberellic acid, Growth regulator, Spath length, Vase life http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-292-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-292-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 Effect of foliar spraying of silver nanoparticles on growth and morpho-physiological traits of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) under salinity stress conditions 47 68 FA Khatoun Behzad Lorestan University khatoonbehzad@gmail.com N Abdollah Ehtesham Nia Lorestan University Ehteshamnia.ab@lu.ac.ir Y Mohamadreza Raji Lorestan University raji.m@lu.ac.ir N Hasan Moumivand Lorestan University h.mumivand@gmail.com N Majid Alikhani Saravan University alikhanimajid@gmail.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.47 Salinity is one of the main environmental stresses that affect the establishment of seedlings and the performance of landscape plants. The application of silver nanoparticles in abiotic stresses in several ways improves the tolerance of plants against stresses. For this purpose, to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on the growth, and morpho-physiological traits of French Marigold under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The first factor included salinity treatment at 4 levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 mM) and the second factor was the foliar application of silver nanoparticles at four levels (0, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L). In this study, the treatment of silver nanoparticles at 50 mg/L without salinity (0 mM) resulted in the maximum height of the plant (20 cm), the diameter of the stem (3.98 mm), the diameter of the flower (65 5.5 mm), the number of flowers per plant (11), the number of side branches (8), the relative water content (86.40%) and the lowest ion leakage (30.36%). Increasing the salinity level from 0 to 100 mM led to smaller plants with less pigment content and reduced growth traits. Weekly application of nanosilver not only significantly improved all evaluated parameters but also partially reduced the destructive effects under salinity conditions (50 and 100 mM). This gradual effect of nanosilver was more prominent when it was applied at a concentration of 50 mg/L, so that the foliar application of nanosilver increased the ornamental characteristics of Marigold, including the number of lateral branches (by 25.81%), the number of flowers (by 27.27%), flower diameter (by 10.27%) and fresh and dry weight of flowers (by 10.29 and 28.68%, respectively) under salinity stress conditions. Also, the present results showed that Marigold is sensitive to high salinity (100 mM) and is not able to produce large flowers under high salinity conditions. In general, the use of silver nanoparticles was useful in improving salinity tolerance in French Marigold and its application may stimulate the defense mechanisms of plants against salt toxicity. Marigold plant, Relative Water Content, Silver nanoparticles, Salinity stress http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-267-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-267-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 The first report on the detection and identification of phytoplasma pathogens associated with some ornamental plants of Yazd city 69 82 FA Mehrdad Salehzadeh Plant Virology Research Center, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran mehrdadsalehzadeh@gmail.com Y Alireza Afsharifar Plant Virology Research Center, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran afshari@shirazu.ac.ir N saeedeh Dehghanpour farashah Agriculture Department, Payame Noor University, Tehran, I. R. Iran sdfarashah@pnu.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.69 In spring and summer 2023, a survey of plant samples from green spaces and ornamental greenhouses, along with adjacent weeds in Yazd City, showed symptoms likely linked to phytoplasma disease. Notable symptoms included stem flattening, phyllody, and yellowing observed in Angelica archangelica, Ligustrum sp., Mirabilis jalapa, and Hibiscus cannabinus. Five samples from each plant were sent to the Plant Virology Research Center at Shiraz University for DNA extraction via the CTAB method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted using general primers (P1/P7) and nested primers (R16MF2/R16MR2) specific for phytoplasma. As expected, fragments of 1800 bp and 1250 bp were amplified with the general and nested primers, respectively. These fragments were excised from the gel, purified, and sent to Sinohe Company for sequencing. Comparison of the sequences with those in the NCBI database using BLAST showed that the phytoplasmas from Angelica archangelica, Ligustrum sp., Mirabilis jalapa, and Hibiscus cannabinus were closely related to Indian (MH393563.1; host: Datura stramonium; identity: 98.94%), Turkish (HE649495.1; host: Ligustrum sp.; identity: 99.24%), Ugandan (HE649495.1; host: Hibiscus rosae; identity: 99.14%), and Iranian (KX685880.1; host: Eucalyptus sp.; identity: 98.64%) isolates. A phylogenetic tree was created to compare Iranian isolates with similar global isolates using MEGA 8.0 software. Phylogenetic analysis, Ornamental plants, Yellowing, Phyllody http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-296-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-296-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 Evaluation of peat produced from rice husk 83 98 FA maryam azaru university of Guilan s.azaru73@gmail.com N reza ebrahimi University of Guilan. rezaebrahimi@guilan.ac.ir Y Mahmood shabanpour University of Guilan shabanpour@guilan.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.83 Cultivation of plants in soilless medium has an increasing trend. A soilless medium, in addition to having suitable characteristics, should be available, cheap, sustainable, light, and affordable. The purpose of this applicable research is to produce solopeat from rice factories' wastes and evaluate and improve its characteristics.  During the solopeat production process, the raw material was made into a pyramid shape and to accelerate biological reactions, Trichoderma family fungi and effective micro-organisms (EM) were added to it and covered with plastic. Irrigation and aeration of the mass were carried out regularly and after four months, primary evaluation including germination test along with seedling growth, microbial respiration, solopeat color, pH, and EC were carried out and macro & micronutrients were determined in it.  Then, produced solopeat without additives and with ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 of perlite, mixed and in terms of apparent specific gravity, water holding capacity, and hydraulic conductivity compared with most common soilless culture medium (cocopeat-perlite  3:1) .  Then, to improve the characteristics of the solopeat, zeolite and bentonite clay, were added to it. Results approved that there is no significant differences between cocopeat-perlite (3:1) and pure solopeat in terms of chemical properties. Variance analyzing results approved that medium, amendment clay, clay levels, and these three factors' interaction effects have a significant effect on apparent specific gravity, water holding capacity, and hydraulic conductivity. Also, the interaction between the type of culture medium and the type of amendment had a significant effect on apparent specific gravity, water holding capacity, and hydraulic conductivity. The effect of culture medium and clay levels interaction on all measured characteristics was significant. Also, interaction between, clay type and its levels had a significant effect on all characteristics. The interaction of culture medium, clay amendment, and clay levels on apparent specific gravity, water holding capacity, and hydraulic conductivity was significant. Adding bentonite clay to solopeat-perlite had a greater effect on improving the characteristics of solopeat compared to zeolite. The result is that it is possible to produce solopeat from rice factories' wastages. Bentonite, Circular Economy, Soilless Medium, Solopeat, Zeolite http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-280-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-280-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 Variability in vegetative characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and total phenol and flavonoid content of leaves in some Viola odorata L. populations 99 118 FA Ahad Cheraghi Department of Horticultural Sciences and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ahadcheraghi94@gmail.com N Marzieh Ghanbari jahromi Department of Horticultural Sciences and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ghanbari@srbiau.ac.ir Y s. Amir Mousavi National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran m-amir@nigeb.ac.ir N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.99 Sweet violet (Viola odorata L.) is a perennial and aromatic plant from the Violaceae family that grows in the northern regions of Iran. This research was conducted in order to investigate the biochemical diversity of 10 selected populations of the sweet violet plant in Mazandaran province in 2023 in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The habitats included Elimalat, Lavij, Abpari, Noor Forest Park, Sisangan, Namak Abroud, Kalarabad, Imamzadeh Abdullah, Larijan and Khesht Sar. Ten samples were collected from each habitat and traits related to vegetative characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and phytochemical compounds of leaves of each population were evaluated. To categorize populations, cluster analysis (cluster) was performed by Ward's method using SAS statistical software version 9/4. The results showed significant differences in all the morpho-physiological traits across different habitats, so the highest  height and number of leaves were observed in Elimalat, Lavij, and Kheshtsar habitats, the highest diameter of the main and secondary stems, fresh weight and plant dryness, leaf width and surface area, and petiole diameter were reported in Kalarabad and Namak Abroud habitats and then in Kheshtsar. The most photosynthetic pigments of the leaves were evaluated in the habitats of the west Mazandaran (Klarabad and Namak Abroud) and the highest amounts of phytochemical compounds were found in the Larijan habitat which is located at a higher altitude above sea level (4115 m). The cluster analysis of different habitats based on the measured morphological traits and climatic characteristics divided the populations of violet into three separate groups. In general, we can conclude that geographical differences are one of the most important parameters affecting the growth and quality of native plants. Most of the morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments of violet leaves, and secondary metabolites such as total phenol and flavonoids in the studied populations exhibit significant differences. Some of this diversity is attributed to genetic characteristics, while another part is influenced by climatic conditions.   Biochemical traits, Habitat, Leaf characteristics, Violet http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-289-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-289-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 Evaluation of allelopathic effects of wood chips of some ornamental trees and shrubs in Khuzestan province 119 134 FA Mokhtar Heidari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan mkheidari@yahoo.com Y 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.119 Producing compost, mulch, or organic fertilizers are suitable methods for utilizing pruning residues, which are effective in reducing environmental problems caused by the accumulation of pruning residues. Wood is a part of pruning residues that, due to decomposition and release of biochemical compounds, have allelopathic effects. Since limited reports have been published regarding the allelopathic effects of wood from trees and ornamental shrubs, in the current experiment, the biochemical compounds and allelopathic effects of wood from eight species of ornamental trees and shrubs were investigated. Pruned wood of Bougainvillea, Albizia lebbeck, Cordia myxa, Conocarpus, Dodonaea viscosa, Nerium oleander, Leucaena leucocephala, and Callistemon citrinus was soaked in water for 24 and 48 hours to prepare water elutes. The analysis of biochemical compounds showed significant differences in the phenolic compounds, tannin index (A280), flavonoids, non-structural soluble carbohydrates, total suspended solids, and electrical conductivity in the water elutes of wood samples, but the pH of the water elutes did not show significant differences. The duration of soaking wood in water (24 or 48 hours) affected the electrical conductivity and biochemical compounds in the water elutes. The Leucaena leucocephala extract had the highest tannin index (67.10 A280/ml) and soluble carbohydrates (81.1 mg/g), while the highest total phenol content was in Leucaena leucocephala and Conocarpus (1.107 and 55.114 mg/g, respectively). The highest electrical conductivity was in the Cordia myxa extract (87.2 ds/m), and the highest total suspended solids were in the Callistemon citrinus extract (0.61%). The highest level of flavonoids was found in Bougainvillea, Nerium oleander, Leucaena leucocephala, and Cordia myxa. The allelopathic effects of the water elute prepared from wood samples resulted in a reduction in germination percentage and germination index of cucumber seeds, as well as a decrease in the root and shoot length of cucumber seedlings, indicating the presence of allelopathic effects of biochemical compounds present in the wood of trees and ornamental shrubs. These results can be useful in selecting these species for designing landscape plantings to their allelopathic effects of residues on neighboring grasses and ornamental plants, or in managing pruning residues and producing compost or mulch from the wood of ornamental trees and shrubs. Bioassays, Germination, Growth, Inhibitory effects, Phenolic Compounds, Pruning residues http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-304-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-304-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 Comparison of the effects of trifluralin, atrazine, and oxadiazon herbicides with mulch covers on weed control in garden roses 135 146 FA Amir Arabi Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) amirarabi1915@gmail.com N 0000-0002-0296-4415 Asghar Hosseininia Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) asghar.hosseini.nia@gmail.com Y 0000-0001-8288-1734 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.135 Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) from the Rosaceae family is important among cut and garden flowers in the world. With the production of more than 25,903,2744 roses per year, roses rank second in the amount of production in Iran. One of the most important obstacles in the stages of growing rose plants is various types of weeds. Therefore, the current research was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of pre-planting, and post-planting herbicides and physical methods in the form of complete randomized blocks. Fifteen-centimeter rose cuttings of Rosa hybrida ‘Ilona’ were planted and rooted at the end of the autumn season in a greenhouse and in a sandy bed, and they were planted in separate plots at the beginning of spring. The treatments of pre-planting herbicides are trifluralin (Treflan® 48% EC) with a concentration of 1.5 and 3 liters per hectare, atrazin (Gesaprim® 80% WP) with a concentration of 1 and 3 kilograms per hectare, and post-emergence herbicides oxadiazon (Ronstar® 12% EC) with a concentration of 1.5 and 2.5 liters per hectare, bentazon (Basagran® 48% SL) with a concentration of 2 and 3 liters per hectare. Physical control treatments were black plastic mulch, wood chip mulch, and wheat stubble mulch, and the control treatment was without using the above two groups. Variance analysis of the effects of different treatments showed that herbicide and mulching treatments were significant in comparison with the control treatment. The results showed that the treatments of cover mulches reduced the weight and dry weight of weeds to a minimum in comparison with all treatments. Pre-emergence chemical herbicide treatments of trifluralin and atrazine in roses reduced the number of weeds but caused the most plant burns in roses. The post-emergence herbicides oxadiazone and bentazone increased the height of the flower, and the canopy of the flower bush and reduced the density of weeds after mulching. The mulch of wheat stubble and wood chips had the highest height and canopy of the rose bush and the lowest amount of dry weight, the number of weeds, and the lowest number of burned plants. Therefore, it is recommended to use different types of cover mulches in combination with herbicides in the outbreak of rose weeds.         Rose, Herbicide, Weed, Cover mulches http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-250-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-250-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 9 1 2024 5 1 Improving the salinity stress tolerance of Phyla nodiflora L. groundcover through potassium humate application 147 166 FA Fatemeh Sadeghi horticulcher.ornamental@gmail.com N Somayeh Esmaeili Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz sesmaeili61@gmail.com Y Mehrangiz Chehrazi Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz chehrai_m@yahoo.com N 10.61882/flowerjournal.9.1.147 This experiment examined how potassium humate affects the salinity tolerance of the groundcover plant Phyla nodiflora L., focusing on its morpho-physiological characteristics. A split-plot design was used for the greenhouse experiment, which included two factors arranged in randomized complete blocks with three replications. The main plot involved NaCl salinity at 5 different levels (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 dS m-1), while the subplot consisted of three levels of potassium humate (0, 500, and 1000 mg L-1). The results showed that regardless of the fertilizer treatment, the shoot fresh weight and visual quality showed a significant decrease of 19.02% and 24.34%, respectively in the salinity treatment of 16 dS m-1 compared to the control plants. The Phyla plant had a relatively favorable state of plant pigments in the salinity treatment of 16 dS m-1, another positive feature for the plant during salt stress. In addition, the visual quality showed a strong and positive correlation with shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight, and root fresh weight. Overall, the results showed that Phyla experienced reduced growth characteristics under salinity stress. While high salinity conditions may compromise visual quality, Phyla's vibrant green hue is preserved despite the stress. Based on the results of fresh and dry shoot and root weights, leaf relative water content (RWC), and visual quality, it is evident that Phyla plants thrive best up to a salinity level of 8 dS m-1. There is no need to utilize potassium humate treatment at this stress level. At salinity levels of 12 and 16 dS m-1, the morphophysiological characteristics of the Phyla decreased. As a result, at higher salinity levels such as 12 and 16 dS m-1, to improve the overall condition of the plant, the use of potassium humate is recommended. Therefore, the application of 500 mg L-1 of potassium humate enhanced the shoot length, lateral shoot number, and RWC at a salinity level of 16 dS m-1. Furthermore, the use of 1000 mg L-1 potassium humate led to enhanced plant pigments under a sodium chloride salinity treatment of 12 dS m-1.   Phyla, Plant pigments, Relative water content, Sodium chloride, Visual quality http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-318-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-318-en.pdf