Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Investigation of canonical correlation\'s functions of morphological and phytochemical traits in two varieties of wild tulips in altitudes of Zanjan 1 12 FA Fatemeh Bidarnamani I University of Zabol f.bidarnamanii65@uoz.ac.ir Y Majid Soltani Paji university of zanjan Masopa9459@gmail.com N Seyed Najmmaddin Mortazavi university of zanjan mortazavi46@gmail.com N 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.1 Tulipa is one of the most important bulbous plants in the world which is highly distributed in many parts of our country. This research was conducted to explain the correlation of canonical functions between morphological and phytochemical traits of two species of wild tulips: Tulipa montana var. montana (with red flower) and T. montana var. chrysantha (with yellow flower) collected from the altitudes of Qeydar city of Zanjan province. Measured phytochemical traits were phenol, flavonoids and antioxidants of flowers and bulbs and chlorophyll a in both varieties of tulip, morphological traits such as petal length, bulb diameter, fresh weight of plants, plant height and the height of rhizome. Data analysis was performed to determine the correlation relationship and Wilks' Lambda, Pillai's Trace, Hotelling-Lawley Trace and Roy's Greatest Root tests were used to define the relationships between variables. The results of this study showed that three functions were only fitted between four canonical functions and the highest special value was 224 and it belonged to Roy's Greatest Root. Three first canonical variables of morphological traits fit 91% of the canonical correlation between variables which this rate of correlation is higher than phytochemical traits. The highest percentage of fitness (0.76%) in morphological traits was belonged to the first canonical function; which shows the first canonical function fit the canonical correlation relationships in morphological traits better than others. Also, comparison of two types of traits in red and yellow tulips showed that morphological traits can establish a significant relationship with the canonical correlation better than phytochemical traits. Analysis of canonical correlation equations displayed that the amount of phenol in bulb and petal flavonoid decreased with a coefficient by reduction in petal length. Also, the amount of phenol in petal, flavonoid in bulb and antioxidant in petal enhanced by reduction of petal length. Phenol in tulip bulbs and antioxidant amount of petal showed a direct correlation with tulip bulb diameter. Also, reduction in tulip height reduced the amount of petal and bulb’s phenol, bulb flavonoid and petal’s antioxidants, while the content of petal flavonoids increased significantly. Based on the result of this study, researcher will select the best plant according to their ultimate goal of producing or collecting wild tulips, considering the relationship between morphological and phytochemical traits.   Bulb, canonical equations, canonical variable, petal, phenol http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-213-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-213-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Investigation of the relationship between Honeysuckle species (Lonicera spp.) in Iran using DNA barcoding and morphological markers 13 26 FA Najmeh Fattahi Dehkordi Shahrekord University nfatahid.1992@gmail.com N Masoud Ghaemi Ghehsareh Shahrekord University mghasemi1352@gmail.com Y Behrooz Shiran Shahrekord University Beshiran45@gmail.com N 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.13 The genus Lonicera belongs to the Caprifoliaceae and in Persian, it is called Plakhor, Shung, or Honeysuckle. Understanding inter-species relationships based on morphological and biochemical characteristics sometimes have conflicting results. In this study, morphological markers, and DNA of nuclear and chloroplast barcodes (including ITS and matK) along with several other sequences from NCBI gene bank database were used to identify, differentiate and determine the phylogenetic relationships of 12 Lonicera species in Iran. Genomic DNA was extracted using existing kits and PCR reaction was performed to amplify the two gene regions and finally the purified samples were sequenced. Cluster analysis based on morphological characteristics divided the species into two large groups, the first group consisting of L. sempervirens and the second group consisting of 11 other species. The closest genetic relationship was observed between L. floribunda and L. nummulariifolia and the least similarity was related to L. sempervirens and L. caprifolium. Principle component analysis (PCAs) of morphological data showed that the first three principal components explaining 71.1% of total variation. The first principal component is controlled by fluffy stem cover, leaflet shape, leaf margin, leaflet tip shape, flower color, fluffy leaf cover, leaf base and fruit color, petiole length and internode distance explaining 38.8% of variation. Based on molecular studies, the length of the matK region was about 1110-1135 nucleotides. Parsimony analysis of this area showed 944 protected sites, 109 variable sites and 19 Parsimony sites. In the phylogenetic tree created by the matK region, all species were isolated except two species, L. korolkovii and L. maackii, and were placed in separate branches. The genetic diversity and distance between species were observed in the matK region with a genetic distance of 0.00 to 0.057. This study could not provide a satisfactory answer from ITS primers. Therefore, the matK region was identified as the best region in terms of the ability to show genetic diversity between species due to its maximum diversity and easy reproduction, which can be used in future research. Morphological marker, Barcode regions, Molecular phylogeny, Lonicera, matK http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-222-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-222-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Evaluation of the characteristics of Iris ferdowsii seed germination, a new species, in danger of extinction and native to Iran 27 40 FA Nasim Safari safari.nasim@ymail.com N Ali Tehranifar tehranifar@um.ac.ir Y Mahdiyeh Kharrazi ma_kh230@yahoo.com N Mahmood Shoor shoor@um.ac.ir N 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.27 Selection of the most appropriate method of propagation is one of the basic principles in the preservation of wild plants as a genetic source. Investigation of the germination behavior of wild species is an important and necessary step in their domestication process. Unfortunately, Iris ferdowsii is in danger of extinction according to the criteria and classification of the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), due to geographical distribution, separated plant populations, and reduced suitable habitats. Seed germination is one of the critical stages of the growth cycle of plants considerably affecting their population. In order to evaluate the seed germination indices of Iris ferdowsii, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments included control and 98% sulfuric acid for 5-, 10-, and 15-minutes treatment, 10 M, 15 M, and 20 M sodium hydroxide for 10 minutes, seed coat removal, and micropyle removal. In each replication, 25 seeds were used. After applying the experimental treatments, the seeds were placed at 25±1 °C for one month and then at 6±1 °C for three months. The results showed that the percentage of seed germination in the micropyle removal treatment was increased by 75% compared to the control treatment. In addition, the highest germination rate and the highest daily mean germination were observed in this treatment. Also, using of sodium hydroxide (20 M) for 10 minutes, and seed coat removal treatment, increased the seed germination percentage from zero to 31.00% and 32.66%, respectively. In general, the best treatment for seed germination in Iris ferdowsii is the removal of seed micropyle. The mechanical dormancy and chemical dormancy due to the presence of growth inhibitors in the endosperm prevent the germination of Iris seeds. As a result, removal of the endosperm without any damage to the seed embryo will accelerate seed germination. Iris ferdowsii, Propagation, Seed dormancy http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-219-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-219-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Study of autecology of tulip (Tulipa spp.) in Ark and Gorong protected area in Khorasan Jonoobi province 41 62 FA fatemeh nakhaei IslamicAzad University of Birjand nakhaei90@yahoo.com Y 0000-0001-9597-4681 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.41 Tulip (Tulipa spp.) belongs to the Liliaceae family, a bulbous and ornamental plant that grows wild in different parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to find out the habitat characteristics and behavior of tulips in the ecosystem of Ark and Gorong protected area in Khorasan Jonoobi province for two consecutive years. In order to determine the frequency and density, a random-systematic method was used. Climatic characteristics, soil, phenology, morphological traits and method of reproduction were studied. The results showed that tulips grow in Ark and Gorong habitats with an average annual rainfall of 175 mm and an average annual temperature of 14.2° C. T. lehmanniana and T. biflora were observed in the plain region and T. undulatifolia subsp. micheliana in the mountainous region of the habitat. According to the results, the frequency and density of tulips in the plain region were 39% and 1120 plants per hectare, respectively. Twenty seven percent belonged to T. biflora and 73% to T. lehmanniana. Frequency and density of T. undulatifolia subsp. micheliana in mountainous area was 15% and 1451 plants per hectare. Phenological study showed that the time of onset of tulip growth in different years is affected by rainfall and enters the dormancy period with increasing temperature from mid to late May. Bulblets were not observed around the main bulb, and the seeds germinated after moist chilling. Therefore, tulip propagation in the habitat is most likely via seed. Ecology, Phenology, Morphological, Habitat, Tulipa http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-220-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-220-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 The Role of Houseplants in Reducing Depression during COVID-19 Quarantine 63 76 FA Mozhgan Zangeneh Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource University of Khuzestan m.zangeneh2008@yahoo.com N Zahra Salehi Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource University of Khuzestan salehi.zahra.bnd@gmail.com N Mohamadreza Salehi Salmi Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource University of Khuzestan mrsalehisalmi@gmail.com Y 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.63 Due to the prevalence of COVID-19 epidemic in society and its transformation into a major global problem, as well as according to the World Health Organization, it seems that mental disorders will be the most important side effect of this disease. Long-term mental disorders have serious and dangerous effects on all vital organs such as the heart and blood vessels. It seems that one of the strategies is to grow and maintain flowers and ornamental plants in apartment environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of houseplants in reducing depression during quarantine due to COVID-19 by a combined "descriptive-analytical" method in Ahvaz city. A questionnaire was designed to collect data, which included various sections including: among the personal and professional characteristics of the respondents as well as the variables measuring the respondents' attitude towards the position of houseplants in reducing depression during the quarantine caused by COVID-19. In this study, data comparisons were performed using T-test and F-test and ISDM method was used for leveling. The results of this study showed that the highest frequency of responses in the attitude of respondents towards the position of houseplants in reducing depression was at a relatively positive level with a frequency of 137 people (35.7%) regarding the position of houseplants in reducing depression caused by quarantine of COVID-19 disease in Ahvaz. The results of Duncan test showed that there is a significant difference between the attitudes of the respondents whose home area was less than 62.2 meters and the respondents whose home area was more, at the probability level of 5%. In the other words, respondents whose home area was more than 62.2 meters had a more positive attitude towards the role of houseplants in reducing depression caused by COVID-19 quarantine. Findings on how to select plants also showed that people who use scientific books and experts to select flowers and plants, have a more positive view of the position of houseplants in reducing depression caused by the quarantine of Covid-19 disease. In general, 80% of the respondents preferred ornamental and flowering plants for keeping at home, and fruit, vegetable and medicinal plants were placed in the next ranks with great differences, respectively. It was found that people who live with houseplants for a long time, have a higher level of happiness and tolerance threshold and less aggression, and ultimately suffer less from depression and other mental disorders. Coronavirus, Environment, Houseplants, Mental health, Pandemics, Stress http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-227-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-227-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Effect of licorice residue vermicompost on growth and development of African violets 77 92 FA Maedeh Javanbakht Shahrekord University mahii.javan@gmail.com N Masoud Ghaemi Ghehsareh Shahrekord University mghasemi1352@gmail.com Y Hamidreza Motaghian Shahrekord University motaghian.h@yahoo.com N 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.77 One way to use organic waste is to convert it to vermicompost, which helps protect the environment and its safely dispose. Their passage through the gastrointestinal tract of the worms causes them to decompose and become useful substances for plant growth. One of the organic wastes in Iran is the residues of licorice processing factories, which, when digested by earthworms, may be used as organic fertilizer for plants. African violets is an important potted flowering plant that is considered for some characteristics such as drought and heat tolerance and proper growth in the shade. In this experiment, the effect of application of licorice root residue vermicompost on African violet plant in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications using peat moss (P) and licorice root residue vermicompost (LV) and perlite was investigated. Fifty percent of the bedding volume was perlite and the rest included different volume ratios of peat moss and vermicompost as LV0P50, LV10P40, LV20P30, LV30P20 and LV40P10. The results showed that in the bed containing 10% vermicompost, the highest appearance quality (9.12), fresh (68.32 g) and dry (4.49 g) weight of shoots, diameter (3.45 cm) and number (53.0) of florets, inflorescence length (8.5 cm) and leaf soluble sugar content (1.12 mgg-1) were observed. Root volume and length decreased with increasing vermicompost level in the substrate. In general, the best growth and quality were related to plants grown in a mixture containing perlite, peat moss and vermicompost up to 10%.   Nutritional elements, Organic floriculture, Planting medium, Proline, Soluble sugar http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-221-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-221-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Evaluation of the aesthetic traits of ornamental shrubs in urban green space (Case study: region one of Rasht city) 93 118 FA Majid Shabanzadeh University of Guilan majid.shabanzadeh@gmail.com N Moazzam Hassanpour Asil University of Guilan hassanpour1@gmail.com Y 0000-0002-1974-3299 Vahid Shadparvar University of Ghadr shadparvar49@gmail.com N 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.93 Ornamental flowering shrubs have a special place in urban landscapes. Appropriate selection of these plants according to ecological and aesthetic criteria can help to improve and develop the performance of the urban landscape. A lot of research has been done on the selection of plants in green space. But less research has been done to examine the aesthetics of ornamental flowering shrubs. Identification and prioritization of ornamental flowering shrubs in region 1 of Rasht city is addressed in this research, according to experts’ evaluation. In this study, the combined approach of AHP-TOPSIS was used to prioritize the indices and rank the shrubs. The results of this study showed that Lagerstroemia indica has the first rank according to 10 indicators among 17 shrubs. Using the AHP-TOPSIS method is a good way to select a shrub. The findings of this research, based on identification of 10 indices and 17 shrubs, showed that among the indices, the landscape aesthetics index with a coefficient of 0.188 and flowering period with a coefficient of 0.185, ranked first and second, respectively. Also, shrub height index and branching with weights of 0.047 and 0.059 gained the last ranks. Among the shrubs, Lagerstroemia indica with a coefficient of 0.791 gained first rank, and Callistemon citrinus and Nerium oleander with coefficients of 0.732 and 0.722, gained second and third ranks in the green space of the Rasht city from the view of experts. Philadelphus coronaries and Spartium junceum with coefficients of 0.321 and 0.309, had the last ranks. Therefore, this method can be used to select plants in the urban landscape in similar regions. Aesthetic index, Landscape aesthetics, Green space, AHP-TOPSIS http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-217-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-217-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Optimization of proliferation and regeneration of Elatior Begonia (Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch.) 119 134 FA Sousan Sarv Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran sousan.sarv1@gmail.com N Marzieh Ghanbari jahromi Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ghanbari@srbiau.ac.ir Y 0000-0001-9931-949x Leila Hakimi Department of Horticultural Science, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran hakimi_l@yahoo.com N 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.119 Elatior Begonia (Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch.) is a flowering and beautiful pot plant that is particularly notable due to its flower color variations. The present study was conducted to investigate shoot proliferation and rooting of B. hiemalis under the influence of plant growth regulators in vitro. Shoot proliferation was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) using NAA at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg L-1 as auxin and BA and Kin at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mg L-1 as cytokinin. Results showed that the highest amounts of fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, the number of leaves, and proliferation rate were observed in the treatments containing 0.25 mg L-1 NAA and 1 mg L-1 BA/Kin. Among different levels of cytokinin, BA 1 mg L-1 was more effective than the other levels. The percentage of necrosis in treatments without NAA was higher than the others. Rooting experiment was conducted as a CRD employing IBA at levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg L-1. The highest rate of rooting was obtained in 0.5 mg L-1 IBA. Evaluation of adapted plants showed that in the acclimatization stage, the plants obtained from both cytokinin treatments had acceptable values in terms of phytochemical properties. Because BA treatment resulted in greater total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, and total phenol levels, BA can be recommended as the most effective and preferable cytokinin for B. hiemalis proliferation and its commercial reproduction. Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Benzyl adenine (BA), Elatior Begonia, Proliferation rate http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-229-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-229-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Effects of some growth stimulants on flowering and physiological reactions of Freesia (Freesia hybrida ‘Royal’) 135 152 FA mohadeseh hatefi mohadeseh.hatefi@yahoo.com N mahmoud shoor Shoor@um.ac.ir Y Hossein nemati Nemati@um.ac.ir N pejman azadi azadip@abrii.ac.ir N 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.135 Improving the quality and increasing flowering is one of the goals of growing bulbous flowers. It seems that plant growth stimulants depending on the type and concentration used can be effective in achieving this goal. This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of type and concentration of three growth stimuli on flowering and corm production of freesia based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments included three types of growth stimulants (bioradicant, Ecormon and Futop) at three levels of 0.5/1000, 1/1000 and 1.5/1000. No foliar application was considered as control treatment. The results showed that with foliar application of 1/1000 Futop, leaf length increased by 8.9% and 14.5% and leaf width by 9.8% and 5.2%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar application). Also, in plants treated with bioradicant growth stimulant at the concentration of 1.5/1000, leaf area was higher than other treatments. The use of growth stimulants reduced flowering time. In all three growth stimuli used, an increase in flowering stem length was observed compared to the control. The use of growth stimulants in all 9 treatments was effective in increasing the number of peduncles. Using the highest concentration of growth stimulants used in this experiment, ie concentration of 1.5/1000, the diameter of the peduncle in bioradicant, ecormon and futop treatments reached 21.7, 20.6 and 23.5 mm, respectively. Bioradicant treatment at the concentration of 1.5 /1000 resulted in 2.3-fold increase in the weight of the peduncle. Total chlorophyll increased from 23.22 μg/fw in no foliar application to 31.89, 29.80 and 31.47 μg/fw at the concentration of 1.5/1000 growth stimulants of bioradicant, ecormon and futop. According to the results, different concentrations of growth stimulants caused a change in the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in freesia leaves. Accumulation of phosphorus in leaves treated with ecormon was more than the other growth stimulants used. In general, among the three growth stimulants used, bioradicant at the concentrations of 1 and 1.5/1000 had greater effect on the vegetative and reproductive quality of freesia. Bioradicant, Chlorophyll, Ecormon, Futop, Growth http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-224-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-224-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Use of multioxidant solution for optimizing the disinfection of ornamental explants in the plant tissue culture laboratory of Mazare Novin Iranian Company 153 162 FA Mohammad Amin Ghanbari Jahromi ma.ghanbari@shirazu.ac.ir Y Shahram Jafarniya sh.jafarniya@gmail.com N Mahnaz Salatin mahnaz.salatin@gmail.com N 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.153 Contaminating microorganisms in tissue culture laboratories are from plant, human or environmental sources. The occurrence of this contamination of environmental origin occurs globally. The multioxidant solution for water disinfection, compared to other methods, has several advantages such as high disinfectant power, less chlorine residue in the water, improved taste and smell, biofilm removal and biosafety. The presence of above-mentioned various disinfecting factors causes the high efficiency of this solution. This solution is more effective than bleach and can be used for a variety of applications. Effect of different concentrations of multioxidant solution (0, 100, 200 and 400 ppm for 10, 20, 40 and 80 min) to control fungal and bacterial contamination of explants of three species of Gerbera, Phalanopsis orchid and Hawortia as well as the rate of fungal and bacterial contamination in the air after the use of anolyte (four concentrations of 0, 100, 200 and 400 ppm of anolyte solution using fogger for 5, 10, 15 and 20 min to Fog application) was examined at four times of the year in the commercial plant tissue culture laboratory of New Iranian Farms Company. The use of 400 ppm of anolytic multioxidant solution for 80 min of immersion in tissue culture explants can control fungal contamination in the explants. But bacterial control may not be completely eliminated depending on the plant species used. Therefore, the use of 70% ethanol solution for 30 to 60 seconds is recommended for disinfection of plant explants along with the use of anolyte. Another advantage of using this multioxidant solution is that the tissues do not burn, unlike the use of sodium hypochlorite, and this is most likely due to the neutral pH of this substance. Anolyte, Disinfection, Fungal and bacterial contaminations, Multioxidant solution, Plant tissue culture http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-209-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-209-en.pdf

Iranian Society for Ornamental Plants Flower and Ornamental Plants 2676-5993 2676-5993 7 1 2022 3 1 Improved growth indices and tolerance of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) to water-deficit stress by alleviating antioxidants and compatible osmolytes using a superabsorbent polymer 163 172 EN Somayeh Esmaeili Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz sesmaeili@scu.ac.ir Y Abbas Danaeifar Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz a-danaeifar@stu.scu.ac.ir N 10.61186/flowerjournal.7.1.163 Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are able to increase soil moisture and improve plant growth. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between different irrigation levels (100% field capacity (FC), 75% FC, and 50% FC) and A200-SAP (0, 1, and 2 g kg-1 dry soil weight) in 1-year old myrtle plants. The results showed that water-deficit treatment (50% FC) significantly reduced growth indices and also increased proline, total phenol, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared to well-watered plants (100% FC). While, total soluble protein, flavonoids, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) had no significant change by increasing water-deficit stress compared to control, added SAP (2 gr kg -1) led to an increase of about 43.81% in root length compared to non- SAP treatment at 50% FC. Furthermore, the use of SAP (2 gr kg -1) significantly increased the content of proline and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, especially catalase (CAT), under water-deficient conditions by providing more water and reducing reactive oxygen species. The results indicated that young myrtle plants are highly adapted to adverse environmental conditions by increasing antioxidant compounds and osmoregulators. Moreover, they could produce new shoot primordia when SAP is added, in both well-water and water-deficient treatments. Therefore, SAPs can be applied in a cost-efficient and efficient manner to the roots of young woody plants to increase their survival and performance efficiency. Ascorbate peroxidase, Catalase, Phenol, Proline, Total antioxidant capacity http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-245-en.html http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-245-en.pdf