Impact of slow-release fertilizer amounts at various cultivation stages on the growth and development of zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum 'Maverik Star')

dehkhodaie, parya; Ghasemi Ghehsareh, Masoud; Reezi, Saeid

doi:10.61882/flowerjournal.9.2.207

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Volume 9, Issue 2 (Fall & Winter 2024)

FOP 2024, 9(2): 207-220

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Impact of slow-release fertilizer amounts at various cultivation stages on the growth and development of zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum 'Maverik Star')

Parya Dehkhodaie

, Masoud Ghasemi Ghehsareh ^*

, Saeid Reezi

Shahrekord University

Abstract: (2240 Views)

Achieving a precise fertilization program is very important in potted plant cultivation. This issue becomes more important in the use of slow-release fertilizers, which provide nutrients to the plant for a longer period. For this purpose, the effect of applying Fermocomplex, a slow-release fertilizer with an 18-11-12 S+Mg+TE formula, on the growth and development of geranium was investigated. The research was done in a completely randomized design and with the use of different amounts of fertilizer during three stages (planting seeds (seedling stage), transferring seedlings to pots (vegetative stage), and transferring plants to final pots until flowering (reproductive stage)) in a medium including 10% rice husk + 40% perlite + 50% peat moss. In the first stage, the treatments included 3, 6, and 9 kg m-3, and in the second and third stages, they included 0, 3, 6, and 9 kg m-3 of fertilizer. Based on the amount of fertilizer at each stage, the treatments were identified with three-digit codes, each number representing the amount of fertilizer. After 6 months of seed sowing, growth indices were measured, including plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, number of branches, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, number of flowers, and chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of leaves. Based on the results, different amounts of fertilizer caused significant differences in chlorophyll content and all growth indices except the stem diameter but did not affect the amount of leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The greatest plant heights (41.9 cm and 44.8 cm) were observed in the treatments with 3 kg m⁻³ across all three stages (treatment 3-3-3) and 9 kg m⁻³ in the first and second stages (treatment 9-9-0), respectively. Similarly, the highest number of inflorescences (9.3, 10, and 10.6) was recorded in treatments 3-3-0, 3-3-3, and 6-6-6, respectively. In general, plants that were fertilized in two or three stages, in most traits such as height, chlorophyll content, number of leaves, number of flowers, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, were superior to plants that were fertilized in only one stage. The best growth was observed with the consumption of 3 kg m-3 fertilizer in all three stages (3-3-3 treatment), and a higher amount of fertilizer.

Keywords: Chlorophyll, Fertilization, Flowering, Geranium, Growth

Full-Text [PDF 431 kb] (539 Downloads)

Type of Study: Applicable | Subject: Special
Received: 2024/07/17 | Accepted: 2024/09/15 | Published: 2024/12/24

References

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2. Babaji, B.A., Amanas, E.B., Falaki, A.M., Chiezey, U.F., Mahmud, M., Mahadi, M.A., Muhammad. A.A. (2007). Contributions of shoot N, P and K to tuber yield of Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Samaru, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Biological Science, 2, 21-25.

3. Ballseed (2024). Ornamental Plants Plug Growing Chart. https://www.ballseed.com/PDF/OrnamentalPlants-PlugGrowingChart.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2024.

4. Blythe, E.K., Mayfield, J.L., Wilson, B.C., Vinson, E.L., Sibley, J.L. (2002). Comparison of three controlled release nitrogen fertilizers in greenhouse crop production. Plant Nutrition, 25, 1049-1061. [DOI:10.1081/PLN-120003938]

5. Chenard, C.H., Kopsell, D.A., Kopsell, D.E. (2005). Nitrogen concentration affects nutrient and carotenoid accumulation in parsley. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(2), 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-200047616 [DOI:10.1081/PLN-200047616.]

6. Dole, M., Wilkins, H. (2005). Floriculture: Principles and Species, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall."Inc. Upper Saddle River, USA. 1023p.

7. Engelsjord, M.E., Fostad, O., Singh, B.R. (1997). Effects of temperature on nutrient release from slow release fertilizers. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 46,179-187. [DOI:10.1007/BF00420552]

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9. Fertahi, S., Ilsouk, M., Zeroual, Y., Oukarroum, A., Barakat, A. (2021). Recent trends in organic coating based on biopolymers and biomass for controlled and slow release fertilizers. Journal of Controlled Release, 330, 341-361. [DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.026]

10. García-Sogo, B., Pineda, B., Roque, E., Antón, T., Atarés, A., Borja, M., Beltrán, J.P., Moreno, V., Cañas. L.A., (2012). Production of engineered long-life and male sterile Pelargonium plants. BMC Plant Biology, 12, 156. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2229-12-156]

11. Girardi, E.A., Mourão Filho, F.A.A. (2003). Emprego de fertilizantes de liberação lenta na formação de pomares de citros. Revista Laranja, 24, 507-518.

12. Harris, P.M. (1992). The Potato Crop: The Scientific Basis for Improvement. Springer Science & Business Media. 927p. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-011-2340-2]

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14. Khalighi, A., 2008. Floriculture, Cultivation of Iran's Ornamental Flowers. Rozbahan Press. 392 pp. (In Persian).

15. Krishnippa, K.S. (1989). Effect of fertilizer applications on dry matter and N, P and K accumulation in potato at different stages of growth. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 23, 349-345.

16. Lakshani, N., Wijerathne, H.S., Sandaruwan, C., Kottegoda, N., Karunarathne, V. (2023). Release Kinetic Models and Release Mechanisms of Controlled-Release and Slow-Release Fertilizers. ACS Agricultural Science & Technology, Vol 3(11). [DOI:10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00152]

17. Marhaut, D.J., Blythe, E.K., Newman, J.P., Albano, J.P. (2006). Nutrient release from leachate electrical conductivity, pH, and nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium concentrations. HortScience, 41, 780-787. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.780]

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19. Matysiak, B., Bielenin, M. (2005). Effect of nutrient solution composition on growth, flowering, nutrient status and cold hardiness of Rhododendron yakushimanum grown on ebb-and-flow benches. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 70, 35-42. [DOI:10.1079/ejhs.2005/27631]

20. Mikkelsen, R.L., Bruulsema, T.W. (2005). Fertilizer use for horticultural crop in the U.S. during the 20th century. HortTechnology, 15, 24-30. [DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.15.1.0024]

21. Mohammadi, L., Rizi, S., Mohammad Khani, A., Barzegar, R. (2015). Production of New Guinea henna (Impatiens hawkeri) plug seedlings using frankincense fertilizer and humic acid. In: 9th Horticultural Science Congress. 5-8 February. Iran, Ahvaz. (In Persian).

22. Morgan, K.T., Cushman, K.F., Sato, S. (2009). Release mechanisms for slow and controlled release fertilizers and strategies for their use in vegetable production. HortTechnololgy, 19, 100-120. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.19.1.10]

23. Nityamanjari, M. (2018). Effect of Fertilizers on Growth and Productivity of Potato-A Review. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 10, 5183-5186. [DOI:10.9735/0975-3710.10.4.5183-5186]

24. Norman, D.j, Huang, Q., Yuen, J.m., Mangravita-Novo, A., Byrne, D. (2009). Susceptibility of geranium cultivars to Ralstonia solanacearum. HortScience, 44,1504-1508. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.44.5.1504]

25. Obreza, T.A., Rouse, R.E. (2006). Long term response of hamlin orange trees to controlled release N fertilizers. Horticultural Science, 41, 423-426. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.2.423]

26. Pavinato, P.S., Mondardo, j.T., Marangon, R.J., Herrera, W.F.B., Brun, E.J., Martin, T.N. (2014). Growth and nutrient uptake by slash pine seedlings under Phosphate fertilizer sources. Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Agrarias, 9,103-109. [DOI:10.5039/agraria.v9i1a3193]

27. Richards, D.L., Reed, D.W. (2004). New Guinea impatiens growth response and nutrient release from controlled release fertilizer in recirculating subirrigation and top watering system. HortScience, 39, 280-286. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.39.2.280]

28. Richter, L., Offord, C.A. (2006). Effect of slow-release fertilizer on the growth of containerized flannel flower (Actinotus helianthi La bill.). Applied Horticulture, 8,21-24. [DOI:10.37855/jah.2006.v08i01.05]

29. Rizi, S., Mohammadi, L., Mohammad Khani, A., Barzegar, R. (2014). Positive reaction of New Guinea henna (Impatiens hawkeri) to the application of slow-release and humic acid fertilizer in hydroponic bed. In: The First National Specialized Conference of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of Iran. April 2014. Iran, Ardabil. (In Persian).

30. Sartain, J.B., Hall, W.L., Littell, R.C., Hopwood, E.W. (2004). New tools for the analysis and characterization of slow-release fertilizers. In: Hall, W.L., Robarge, W.P. (ed.). Environmental Impact of Fertilizer on Soil and Water. American Chemical Society, pp.180-195. [DOI:10.1021/bk-2004-0872.ch013]

31. Saska, M.M., Kuzovkina. Y.A., (2014). Ornamental Willow growth response across five concentrations of controlled release fertilizer. HortTechnology, 24, 53-57. [DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.24.1.53]

32. Schroeter-Zakrzewska, A., Wolna-Maruwka, A., Kleiber, T., Wróblewska, H., Głuchowska, K. (2021). Influence of compost from post-consumer wood on development, nutrition state of plants, microbiological and biochemical parameters of substrates in zonal pelargonium (Pelargonium zonale). Agronomy, 11, 994. [DOI:10.3390/agronomy11050994]

33. Treder, J. (2004). Growth and quality of oriental lilies at different fertilization levels. In: IX International Symposium on Flower Bulbs, 673, 297-302. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.673.37]

34. Trenkel M.E. (2010). Slow-and Controlled-release and Stabilized Fertilizers: An Option for Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency in Agriculture. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA). 160p.

35. Vendrame, W., Moore, K.K., Broschat, T. K. (2004). Interaction of light intensity and controlled release fertilization rate on growth and flowering of two New Guinea impatiens cultivars. HortTechnology, 14(4), 491-495. [DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.14.4.0491]

36. Zawadzińska, A., Salachna, P. (2018). Ivy pelargonium response to media containing sewage sludge and potato pulp. Plant Soil and Environment, 64, 180-185. [DOI:10.17221/10/2018-PSE]

37. Zhang, G.Q., Li-shui, N.I.E., Pan-pan, L.U.O. (2014). Effects of slow-release fertilizer Cuiyun No. 1 and equal nutrition of fast-release fertilizer on Celosia cristata L. by pot experiment. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 42(5), 52-55.

38. Zhao, D., Oosterhuis, D.M., Bednarz, C.W. (2001). Influence of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure of cotton plants. Photosynthetica, 39(1), 103-109. [DOI:10.1023/A:1012404204910]

39. Zhu L. Wang J., Gau X. (2012). Application of controlled released urea combined with conventional urea on physiological indices, yield and quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 41, 22-26. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20123200040

40. Zurawik, P., Placek, M. (2011). The influence of fertilization on quality of inflorescences of easy pot freesia (Freesia Eckl. ex Klatt) grown from adventitious corms. Acta Agrobotanica, 64 (3), 59-66. [DOI:10.5586/aa.2011.032]

41. Andiru, G.A., Pasian, C.C., Frantz, J.M., Jourdan, P. (2013). Longevity of controlled release fertilizer influences the growth of bedding impatiens. HortTechnology, 23, 157-164. [DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.23.2.157]

42. Babaji, B.A., Amanas, E.B., Falaki, A.M., Chiezey, U.F., Mahmud, M., Mahadi, M.A., Muhammad. A.A. (2007). Contributions of shoot N, P and K to tuber yield of Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) at Samaru, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Biological Science, 2, 21-25.

43. Ballseed (2024). Ornamental Plants Plug Growing Chart. https://www.ballseed.com/PDF/OrnamentalPlants-PlugGrowingChart.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2024.

44. Blythe, E.K., Mayfield, J.L., Wilson, B.C., Vinson, E.L., Sibley, J.L. (2002). Comparison of three controlled release nitrogen fertilizers in greenhouse crop production. Plant Nutrition, 25, 1049-1061. [DOI:10.1081/PLN-120003938]

45. Chenard, C.H., Kopsell, D.A., Kopsell, D.E. (2005). Nitrogen concentration affects nutrient and carotenoid accumulation in parsley. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(2), 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-200047616 [DOI:10.1081/PLN-200047616.]

46. Dole, M., Wilkins, H. (2005). Floriculture: Principles and Species, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall."Inc. Upper Saddle River, USA. 1023p.

47. Engelsjord, M.E., Fostad, O., Singh, B.R. (1997). Effects of temperature on nutrient release from slow release fertilizers. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 46,179-187. [DOI:10.1007/BF00420552]

48. Estefan, G, R. Sommer, Ryan, J. (2013). Methods of Soil, Plant, and Water Analysis, A Manual for the West Asia and North Africa Region. ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas), Beirut, Lebanon. 242 p.

49. Fertahi, S., Ilsouk, M., Zeroual, Y., Oukarroum, A., Barakat, A. (2021). Recent trends in organic coating based on biopolymers and biomass for controlled and slow release fertilizers. Journal of Controlled Release, 330, 341-361. [DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.026]

50. García-Sogo, B., Pineda, B., Roque, E., Antón, T., Atarés, A., Borja, M., Beltrán, J.P., Moreno, V., Cañas. L.A., (2012). Production of engineered long-life and male sterile Pelargonium plants. BMC Plant Biology, 12, 156. [DOI:10.1186/1471-2229-12-156]

51. Girardi, E.A., Mourão Filho, F.A.A. (2003). Emprego de fertilizantes de liberação lenta na formação de pomares de citros. Revista Laranja, 24, 507-518.

52. Harris, P.M. (1992). The Potato Crop: The Scientific Basis for Improvement. Springer Science & Business Media. 927p. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-011-2340-2]

53. Kasraian, A. (2013). Fertilizers and their use, A Pocket Guide for Extension Officers. Shiraz Islamic Azad University Press (Translated in Persian).

54. Khalighi, A., 2008. Floriculture, Cultivation of Iran's Ornamental Flowers. Rozbahan Press. 392 pp. (In Persian).

55. Krishnippa, K.S. (1989). Effect of fertilizer applications on dry matter and N, P and K accumulation in potato at different stages of growth. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 23, 349-345.

56. Lakshani, N., Wijerathne, H.S., Sandaruwan, C., Kottegoda, N., Karunarathne, V. (2023). Release Kinetic Models and Release Mechanisms of Controlled-Release and Slow-Release Fertilizers. ACS Agricultural Science & Technology, Vol 3(11). [DOI:10.1021/acsagscitech.3c00152]

57. Marhaut, D.J., Blythe, E.K., Newman, J.P., Albano, J.P. (2006). Nutrient release from leachate electrical conductivity, pH, and nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium concentrations. HortScience, 41, 780-787. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.780]

58. Marschner, H. (2011). Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Academic press. 651p.

59. Matysiak, B., Bielenin, M. (2005). Effect of nutrient solution composition on growth, flowering, nutrient status and cold hardiness of Rhododendron yakushimanum grown on ebb-and-flow benches. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 70, 35-42. [DOI:10.1079/ejhs.2005/27631]

60. Mikkelsen, R.L., Bruulsema, T.W. (2005). Fertilizer use for horticultural crop in the U.S. during the 20th century. HortTechnology, 15, 24-30. [DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.15.1.0024]

61. Mohammadi, L., Rizi, S., Mohammad Khani, A., Barzegar, R. (2015). Production of New Guinea henna (Impatiens hawkeri) plug seedlings using frankincense fertilizer and humic acid. In: 9th Horticultural Science Congress. 5-8 February. Iran, Ahvaz. (In Persian).

62. Morgan, K.T., Cushman, K.F., Sato, S. (2009). Release mechanisms for slow and controlled release fertilizers and strategies for their use in vegetable production. HortTechnololgy, 19, 100-120. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.19.1.10]

63. Nityamanjari, M. (2018). Effect of Fertilizers on Growth and Productivity of Potato-A Review. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 10, 5183-5186. [DOI:10.9735/0975-3710.10.4.5183-5186]

64. Norman, D.j, Huang, Q., Yuen, J.m., Mangravita-Novo, A., Byrne, D. (2009). Susceptibility of geranium cultivars to Ralstonia solanacearum. HortScience, 44,1504-1508. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.44.5.1504]

65. Obreza, T.A., Rouse, R.E. (2006). Long term response of hamlin orange trees to controlled release N fertilizers. Horticultural Science, 41, 423-426. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.2.423]

66. Pavinato, P.S., Mondardo, j.T., Marangon, R.J., Herrera, W.F.B., Brun, E.J., Martin, T.N. (2014). Growth and nutrient uptake by slash pine seedlings under Phosphate fertilizer sources. Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Agrarias, 9,103-109. [DOI:10.5039/agraria.v9i1a3193]

67. Richards, D.L., Reed, D.W. (2004). New Guinea impatiens growth response and nutrient release from controlled release fertilizer in recirculating subirrigation and top watering system. HortScience, 39, 280-286. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.39.2.280]

68. Richter, L., Offord, C.A. (2006). Effect of slow-release fertilizer on the growth of containerized flannel flower (Actinotus helianthi La bill.). Applied Horticulture, 8,21-24. [DOI:10.37855/jah.2006.v08i01.05]

69. Rizi, S., Mohammadi, L., Mohammad Khani, A., Barzegar, R. (2014). Positive reaction of New Guinea henna (Impatiens hawkeri) to the application of slow-release and humic acid fertilizer in hydroponic bed. In: The First National Specialized Conference of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of Iran. April 2014. Iran, Ardabil. (In Persian).

70. Sartain, J.B., Hall, W.L., Littell, R.C., Hopwood, E.W. (2004). New tools for the analysis and characterization of slow-release fertilizers. In: Hall, W.L., Robarge, W.P. (ed.). Environmental Impact of Fertilizer on Soil and Water. American Chemical Society, pp.180-195. [DOI:10.1021/bk-2004-0872.ch013]

71. Saska, M.M., Kuzovkina. Y.A., (2014). Ornamental Willow growth response across five concentrations of controlled release fertilizer. HortTechnology, 24, 53-57. [DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.24.1.53]

72. Schroeter-Zakrzewska, A., Wolna-Maruwka, A., Kleiber, T., Wróblewska, H., Głuchowska, K. (2021). Influence of compost from post-consumer wood on development, nutrition state of plants, microbiological and biochemical parameters of substrates in zonal pelargonium (Pelargonium zonale). Agronomy, 11, 994. [DOI:10.3390/agronomy11050994]

73. Treder, J. (2004). Growth and quality of oriental lilies at different fertilization levels. In: IX International Symposium on Flower Bulbs, 673, 297-302. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.673.37]

74. Trenkel M.E. (2010). Slow-and Controlled-release and Stabilized Fertilizers: An Option for Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency in Agriculture. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA). 160p.

75. Vendrame, W., Moore, K.K., Broschat, T. K. (2004). Interaction of light intensity and controlled release fertilization rate on growth and flowering of two New Guinea impatiens cultivars. HortTechnology, 14(4), 491-495. [DOI:10.21273/HORTTECH.14.4.0491]

76. Zawadzińska, A., Salachna, P. (2018). Ivy pelargonium response to media containing sewage sludge and potato pulp. Plant Soil and Environment, 64, 180-185. [DOI:10.17221/10/2018-PSE]

77. Zhang, G.Q., Li-shui, N.I.E., Pan-pan, L.U.O. (2014). Effects of slow-release fertilizer Cuiyun No. 1 and equal nutrition of fast-release fertilizer on Celosia cristata L. by pot experiment. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 42(5), 52-55.

78. Zhao, D., Oosterhuis, D.M., Bednarz, C.W. (2001). Influence of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure of cotton plants. Photosynthetica, 39(1), 103-109. [DOI:10.1023/A:1012404204910]

79. Zhu L. Wang J., Gau X. (2012). Application of controlled released urea combined with conventional urea on physiological indices, yield and quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 41, 22-26. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20123200040

80. Zurawik, P., Placek, M. (2011). The influence of fertilization on quality of inflorescences of easy pot freesia (Freesia Eckl. ex Klatt) grown from adventitious corms. Acta Agrobotanica, 64 (3), 59-66. [DOI:10.5586/aa.2011.032]

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dehkhodaie P, Ghasemi Ghehsareh M, Reezi S. Impact of slow-release fertilizer amounts at various cultivation stages on the growth and development of zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum 'Maverik Star'). FOP 2024; 9 (2) :207-220
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