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:: Volume 7, Issue 1 (Spring and Summer 2022) ::
FOP 2022, 7(1): 41-62 Back to browse issues page
Study of autecology of tulip (Tulipa spp.) in Ark and Gorong protected area in Khorasan Jonoobi province
Fatemeh Nakhaei *
IslamicAzad University of Birjand
Abstract:   (1102 Views)
Tulip (Tulipa spp.) belongs to the Liliaceae family, a bulbous and ornamental plant that grows wild in different parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to find out the habitat characteristics and behavior of tulips in the ecosystem of Ark and Gorong protected area in Khorasan Jonoobi province for two consecutive years. In order to determine the frequency and density, a random-systematic method was used. Climatic characteristics, soil, phenology, morphological traits and method of reproduction were studied. The results showed that tulips grow in Ark and Gorong habitats with an average annual rainfall of 175 mm and an average annual temperature of 14.2° C. T. lehmanniana and T. biflora were observed in the plain region and T. undulatifolia subsp. micheliana in the mountainous region of the habitat. According to the results, the frequency and density of tulips in the plain region were 39% and 1120 plants per hectare, respectively. Twenty seven percent belonged to T. biflora and 73% to T. lehmanniana. Frequency and density of T. undulatifolia subsp. micheliana in mountainous area was 15% and 1451 plants per hectare. Phenological study showed that the time of onset of tulip growth in different years is affected by rainfall and enters the dormancy period with increasing temperature from mid to late May. Bulblets were not observed around the main bulb, and the seeds germinated after moist chilling. Therefore, tulip propagation in the habitat is most likely via seed.
Keywords: Ecology, Phenology, Morphological, Habitat, Tulipa
Full-Text [PDF 1564 kb]   (317 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2022/02/11 | Accepted: 2022/04/22 | Published: 2022/10/2
References
1. رفرنس های متنی مثل خروجی کراس رف را در اینجا وارد کرده و تایید کنید -------------Abarsaji, G.H., Mahdavi, M., Jouri, M. H. (2015). Some ecological characteristics of Frankenia hirsuta in saline rangelands of Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(2), 308-318 (In Persian).
2. Ahmadi, E., Jafarian, Z., Zali, H., Ahmadi, A. (2015). Comparison ecological properties of Helichrysum aucheri Boiss and H. globiferum in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Journal of plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(5), 907-918 (In Persian).
3. Amery, E., Rabbani Nasb, A., Jalilvand, R., Emni, M. (2012). Investigation of phenological stages, effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and density and time stage of flower harvest on flower yield and amount of active ingredients of calandula. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4, 57-66 (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.5.S5.57]
4. Asaadi, A. M., Khoshnod Yazdi, A. (2016). The autecological characteristics of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov medicinal plant in North East Rangelands of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(6), 85-90.
5. Azarnivand, H., Jafari, M., Alikhah Asl, M., Dastmalchi, H., Safari, J. (2016). The Autecology Stogy Study of (Pervoskia abratanoides) in Kashan. Biaban Journal, 11(1), 19-25.
6. Christenhusz, M.J., Govaerts, R., David, J.C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P.S., Tuomisto, A., Buerki, S., Chas, M.W., Fay, M.F. (2013). Tiptoe through the tulips-cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 280-328. [DOI:10.1111/boj.12061]
7. Fakhireh, A., Shahriary, E., Mansory, S., Noori, S., Pahlavanravy, A. (2010). Autecology study of Desmostachiya bipinnata in Sistan plain. Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), 60-71 (In Persian).
8. Fattahi, M., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F., Zamani, Z. (2013). Autecology of Dracocephalum kotschyi bioss. in Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2), 325-342 (In Persian).
9. Gashi, B., Osmani, M., Aliu, S. (2019). Breaking seed dormancy of Tulipa scardica Bornm. Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi by pre-chilling, plant growth regulators and some chemical treatments. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 113(2), 203-210. [DOI:10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.1]
10. Pourkhaloee, A., Khosh-Khui, M., Arens, P., Salehi, H., Razi, H., Niazi, A., Afsharifar, A.R., Tuyl, J.V. (2017). Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian tulips revealed by EST-SSR and NBS-LRR markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 167-182.
11. Kutlunina, N. A., Polezhaeva, M. A., Permyakova, M. V. (2013). Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between Tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae). Russian Journal of Genetics, 49(4), 401-410. [DOI:10.1134/S1022795413040091]
12. Matin, F. (1997). Tulips of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 112p (In Persian).
13. Moravcova, L., Pysek, P., Krinke, L., Pergl, J., Perglova I., K. Thompson. (2007). Seed germination, dispersal and seed bank in Heracleum mantegazzianum. CABI International, 74- 91. [DOI:10.1079/9781845932060.0074]
14. Rouhi, H.R., Karimi, F.A., Shahbodaghlo A.R., Sheikhalian M., Rahmatabadi R., Samadi M., Karimi, F. (2012). Effects of sulfuric acid, stratification, phytohormone and potassium nitrate on dormancy breaking and germination of water lily tulip (Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel.). International Journal of AgriScience, 2(2), 136-142.
15. Salar, A., Jamzad, Z., Tavasoli, A. (2010). Anatomy of the bulbs of Tulipa L. species (Liliaceae) from Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 1(2): 45-56 (In Persian).
16. Soykan, S., Meriç, C. (2012). Morphological and anatomical studies of Tulipa orphanidea (Liliaceae). Phytologia Balcanica, 18(1), 43-48.
17. Veldkamp, J.F., Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2012). The infrageneric nomenclature of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298, 87-92. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0]
18. Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003]
19. Zare Kia, S., Omidbaigi, R. (2006). Autecology of Milk Thistle (Silybun marianum) in Behdasht region of Noor. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(2), 135-139.
20. Zonneveld, B. (2009). The systematic value of nuclear genome size for all species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematic and Evolution, 281, 217-245. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-009-0203-7]
21. Abarsaji, G.H., Mahdavi, M., Jouri, M. H. (2015). Some ecological characteristics of Frankenia hirsuta in saline rangelands of Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(2), 308-318 (In Persian).
22. Ahmadi, E., Jafarian, Z., Zali, H., Ahmadi, A. (2015). Comparison ecological properties of Helichrysum aucheri Boiss and H. globiferum in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Journal of plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(5), 907-918 (In Persian).
23. Amery, E., Rabbani Nasb, A., Jalilvand, R., Emni, M. (2012). Investigation of phenological stages, effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and density and time stage of flower harvest on flower yield and amount of active ingredients of calandula. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4, 57-66 (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.5.S5.57]
24. Asaadi, A. M., Khoshnod Yazdi, A. (2016). The autecological characteristics of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov medicinal plant in North East Rangelands of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(6), 85-90.
25. Azarnivand, H., Jafari, M., Alikhah Asl, M., Dastmalchi, H., Safari, J. (2016). The Autecology Stogy Study of (Pervoskia abratanoides) in Kashan. Biaban Journal, 11(1), 19-25.
26. Christenhusz, M.J., Govaerts, R., David, J.C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P.S., Tuomisto, A., Buerki, S., Chas, M.W., Fay, M.F. (2013). Tiptoe through the tulips-cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 280-328. [DOI:10.1111/boj.12061]
27. Fakhireh, A., Shahriary, E., Mansory, S., Noori, S., Pahlavanravy, A. (2010). Autecology study of Desmostachiya bipinnata in Sistan plain. Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), 60-71 (In Persian).
28. Fattahi, M., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F., Zamani, Z. (2013). Autecology of Dracocephalum kotschyi bioss. in Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2), 325-342 (In Persian).
29. Gashi, B., Osmani, M., Aliu, S. (2019). Breaking seed dormancy of Tulipa scardica Bornm. Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi by pre-chilling, plant growth regulators and some chemical treatments. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 113(2), 203-210. [DOI:10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.1]
30. Pourkhaloee, A., Khosh-Khui, M., Arens, P., Salehi, H., Razi, H., Niazi, A., Afsharifar, A.R., Tuyl, J.V. (2017). Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian tulips revealed by EST-SSR and NBS-LRR markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 167-182.
31. Kutlunina, N. A., Polezhaeva, M. A., Permyakova, M. V. (2013). Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between Tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae). Russian Journal of Genetics, 49(4), 401-410. [DOI:10.1134/S1022795413040091]
32. Matin, F. (1997). Tulips of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 112p (In Persian).
33. Moravcova, L., Pysek, P., Krinke, L., Pergl, J., Perglova I., K. Thompson. (2007). Seed germination, dispersal and seed bank in Heracleum mantegazzianum. CABI International, 74- 91. [DOI:10.1079/9781845932060.0074]
34. Rouhi, H.R., Karimi, F.A., Shahbodaghlo A.R., Sheikhalian M., Rahmatabadi R., Samadi M., Karimi, F. (2012). Effects of sulfuric acid, stratification, phytohormone and potassium nitrate on dormancy breaking and germination of water lily tulip (Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel.). International Journal of AgriScience, 2(2), 136-142.
35. Salar, A., Jamzad, Z., Tavasoli, A. (2010). Anatomy of the bulbs of Tulipa L. species (Liliaceae) from Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 1(2): 45-56 (In Persian).
36. Soykan, S., Meriç, C. (2012). Morphological and anatomical studies of Tulipa orphanidea (Liliaceae). Phytologia Balcanica, 18(1), 43-48.
37. Veldkamp, J.F., Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2012). The infrageneric nomenclature of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298, 87-92. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0]
38. Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003]
39. Zare Kia, S., Omidbaigi, R. (2006). Autecology of Milk Thistle (Silybun marianum) in Behdasht region of Noor. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(2), 135-139.
40. Zonneveld, B. (2009). The systematic value of nuclear genome size for all species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematic and Evolution, 281, 217-245. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-009-0203-7]
41. Abarsaji, G.H., Mahdavi, M., Jouri, M. H. (2015). Some ecological characteristics of Frankenia hirsuta in saline rangelands of Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(2), 308-318 (In Persian).
42. Ahmadi, E., Jafarian, Z., Zali, H., Ahmadi, A. (2015). Comparison ecological properties of Helichrysum aucheri Boiss and H. globiferum in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Journal of plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(5), 907-918 (In Persian).
43. Amery, E., Rabbani Nasb, A., Jalilvand, R., Emni, M. (2012). Investigation of phenological stages, effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and density and time stage of flower harvest on flower yield and amount of active ingredients of calandula. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4, 57-66 (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.5.S5.57]
44. Asaadi, A. M., Khoshnod Yazdi, A. (2016). The autecological characteristics of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov medicinal plant in North East Rangelands of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(6), 85-90.
45. Azarnivand, H., Jafari, M., Alikhah Asl, M., Dastmalchi, H., Safari, J. (2016). The Autecology Stogy Study of (Pervoskia abratanoides) in Kashan. Biaban Journal, 11(1), 19-25.
46. Christenhusz, M.J., Govaerts, R., David, J.C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P.S., Tuomisto, A., Buerki, S., Chas, M.W., Fay, M.F. (2013). Tiptoe through the tulips-cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 280-328. [DOI:10.1111/boj.12061]
47. Fakhireh, A., Shahriary, E., Mansory, S., Noori, S., Pahlavanravy, A. (2010). Autecology study of Desmostachiya bipinnata in Sistan plain. Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), 60-71 (In Persian).
48. Fattahi, M., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F., Zamani, Z. (2013). Autecology of Dracocephalum kotschyi bioss. in Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2), 325-342 (In Persian).
49. Gashi, B., Osmani, M., Aliu, S. (2019). Breaking seed dormancy of Tulipa scardica Bornm. Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi by pre-chilling, plant growth regulators and some chemical treatments. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 113(2), 203-210. [DOI:10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.1]
50. Pourkhaloee, A., Khosh-Khui, M., Arens, P., Salehi, H., Razi, H., Niazi, A., Afsharifar, A.R., Tuyl, J.V. (2017). Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian tulips revealed by EST-SSR and NBS-LRR markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 167-182.
51. Kutlunina, N. A., Polezhaeva, M. A., Permyakova, M. V. (2013). Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between Tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae). Russian Journal of Genetics, 49(4), 401-410. [DOI:10.1134/S1022795413040091]
52. Matin, F. (1997). Tulips of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 112p (In Persian).
53. Moravcova, L., Pysek, P., Krinke, L., Pergl, J., Perglova I., K. Thompson. (2007). Seed germination, dispersal and seed bank in Heracleum mantegazzianum. CABI International, 74- 91. [DOI:10.1079/9781845932060.0074]
54. Rouhi, H.R., Karimi, F.A., Shahbodaghlo A.R., Sheikhalian M., Rahmatabadi R., Samadi M., Karimi, F. (2012). Effects of sulfuric acid, stratification, phytohormone and potassium nitrate on dormancy breaking and germination of water lily tulip (Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel.). International Journal of AgriScience, 2(2), 136-142.
55. Salar, A., Jamzad, Z., Tavasoli, A. (2010). Anatomy of the bulbs of Tulipa L. species (Liliaceae) from Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 1(2): 45-56 (In Persian).
56. Soykan, S., Meriç, C. (2012). Morphological and anatomical studies of Tulipa orphanidea (Liliaceae). Phytologia Balcanica, 18(1), 43-48.
57. Veldkamp, J.F., Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2012). The infrageneric nomenclature of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298, 87-92. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0]
58. Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003]
59. Zare Kia, S., Omidbaigi, R. (2006). Autecology of Milk Thistle (Silybun marianum) in Behdasht region of Noor. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(2), 135-139.
60. Zonneveld, B. (2009). The systematic value of nuclear genome size for all species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematic and Evolution, 281, 217-245. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-009-0203-7]
61. Abarsaji, G.H., Mahdavi, M., Jouri, M. H. (2015). Some ecological characteristics of Frankenia hirsuta in saline rangelands of Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(2), 308-318 (In Persian).
62. Ahmadi, E., Jafarian, Z., Zali, H., Ahmadi, A. (2015). Comparison ecological properties of Helichrysum aucheri Boiss and H. globiferum in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Journal of plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(5), 907-918 (In Persian).
63. Amery, E., Rabbani Nasb, A., Jalilvand, R., Emni, M. (2012). Investigation of phenological stages, effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and density and time stage of flower harvest on flower yield and amount of active ingredients of calandula. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4, 57-66 (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.5.S5.57]
64. Asaadi, A. M., Khoshnod Yazdi, A. (2016). The autecological characteristics of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov medicinal plant in North East Rangelands of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(6), 85-90.
65. Azarnivand, H., Jafari, M., Alikhah Asl, M., Dastmalchi, H., Safari, J. (2016). The Autecology Stogy Study of (Pervoskia abratanoides) in Kashan. Biaban Journal, 11(1), 19-25.
66. Christenhusz, M.J., Govaerts, R., David, J.C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P.S., Tuomisto, A., Buerki, S., Chas, M.W., Fay, M.F. (2013). Tiptoe through the tulips-cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 280-328. [DOI:10.1111/boj.12061]
67. Fakhireh, A., Shahriary, E., Mansory, S., Noori, S., Pahlavanravy, A. (2010). Autecology study of Desmostachiya bipinnata in Sistan plain. Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), 60-71 (In Persian).
68. Fattahi, M., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F., Zamani, Z. (2013). Autecology of Dracocephalum kotschyi bioss. in Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2), 325-342 (In Persian).
69. Gashi, B., Osmani, M., Aliu, S. (2019). Breaking seed dormancy of Tulipa scardica Bornm. Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi by pre-chilling, plant growth regulators and some chemical treatments. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 113(2), 203-210. [DOI:10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.1]
70. Pourkhaloee, A., Khosh-Khui, M., Arens, P., Salehi, H., Razi, H., Niazi, A., Afsharifar, A.R., Tuyl, J.V. (2017). Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian tulips revealed by EST-SSR and NBS-LRR markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 167-182.
71. Kutlunina, N. A., Polezhaeva, M. A., Permyakova, M. V. (2013). Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between Tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae). Russian Journal of Genetics, 49(4), 401-410. [DOI:10.1134/S1022795413040091]
72. Matin, F. (1997). Tulips of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 112p (In Persian).
73. Moravcova, L., Pysek, P., Krinke, L., Pergl, J., Perglova I., K. Thompson. (2007). Seed germination, dispersal and seed bank in Heracleum mantegazzianum. CABI International, 74- 91. [DOI:10.1079/9781845932060.0074]
74. Rouhi, H.R., Karimi, F.A., Shahbodaghlo A.R., Sheikhalian M., Rahmatabadi R., Samadi M., Karimi, F. (2012). Effects of sulfuric acid, stratification, phytohormone and potassium nitrate on dormancy breaking and germination of water lily tulip (Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel.). International Journal of AgriScience, 2(2), 136-142.
75. Salar, A., Jamzad, Z., Tavasoli, A. (2010). Anatomy of the bulbs of Tulipa L. species (Liliaceae) from Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 1(2): 45-56 (In Persian).
76. Soykan, S., Meriç, C. (2012). Morphological and anatomical studies of Tulipa orphanidea (Liliaceae). Phytologia Balcanica, 18(1), 43-48.
77. Veldkamp, J.F., Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2012). The infrageneric nomenclature of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298, 87-92. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0]
78. Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003]
79. Zare Kia, S., Omidbaigi, R. (2006). Autecology of Milk Thistle (Silybun marianum) in Behdasht region of Noor. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(2), 135-139.
80. Zonneveld, B. (2009). The systematic value of nuclear genome size for all species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematic and Evolution, 281, 217-245. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-009-0203-7]
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nakhaei F. Study of autecology of tulip (Tulipa spp.) in Ark and Gorong protected area in Khorasan Jonoobi province. FOP 2022; 7 (1) :41-62
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