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:: Volume 7, Issue 1 (Spring and Summer 2022) ::
FOP 2022, 7(1): 27-40 Back to browse issues page
Evaluation of the characteristics of Iris ferdowsii seed germination, a new species, in danger of extinction and native to Iran
Nasim Safari , Ali Tehranifar * , Mahdiyeh Kharrazi , Mahmood Shoor
Abstract:   (1744 Views)
Selection of the most appropriate method of propagation is one of the basic principles in the preservation of wild plants as a genetic source. Investigation of the germination behavior of wild species is an important and necessary step in their domestication process. Unfortunately, Iris ferdowsii is in danger of extinction according to the criteria and classification of the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), due to geographical distribution, separated plant populations, and reduced suitable habitats. Seed germination is one of the critical stages of the growth cycle of plants considerably affecting their population. In order to evaluate the seed germination indices of Iris ferdowsii, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments included control and 98% sulfuric acid for 5-, 10-, and 15-minutes treatment, 10 M, 15 M, and 20 M sodium hydroxide for 10 minutes, seed coat removal, and micropyle removal. In each replication, 25 seeds were used. After applying the experimental treatments, the seeds were placed at 25±1 °C for one month and then at 6±1 °C for three months. The results showed that the percentage of seed germination in the micropyle removal treatment was increased by 75% compared to the control treatment. In addition, the highest germination rate and the highest daily mean germination were observed in this treatment. Also, using of sodium hydroxide (20 M) for 10 minutes, and seed coat removal treatment, increased the seed germination percentage from zero to 31.00% and 32.66%, respectively. In general, the best treatment for seed germination in Iris ferdowsii is the removal of seed micropyle. The mechanical dormancy and chemical dormancy due to the presence of growth inhibitors in the endosperm prevent the germination of Iris seeds. As a result, removal of the endosperm without any damage to the seed embryo will accelerate seed germination.
Keywords: Iris ferdowsii, Propagation, Seed dormancy
Full-Text [PDF 2258 kb]   (206 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2022/02/7 | Accepted: 2022/03/9 | Published: 2022/10/1
References
1. رفرنس های متنی مثل خروجی کراس رف را در اینجا وارد کرده و تایید کنید -------------Agah, F., Esmaeili, M.A., Farzam, M., Abbasi, R. (2020). Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and seed bed medium on seed germination and morphology of Capparis spinosa L. seedlings. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(3), 45-57.
2. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Gerasimidou, E., Salta, A., Roussis, I., Bilalis, D. (2019). Sexual and vegetative propagation of Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. subsp. Empetrifolium. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 282-287. [DOI:10.15835/nbha47111267]
3. Arji, L., Rostami Dasgerdee, M., Gerdekaneh, M. (2020). Comparison of acid scarification, cold stratification on seed germination of three olive cultivars. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(2), 119-132.
4. Ashraf Mehrabi, A., Hajinia, S. (2019). The effect of seed pre-treatments on germination of Astragalus gossypinus seed. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 6(1), 95-113. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.6.1.95]
5. Bagheri, H., Saki, S. (2017). Requirements and guidelines for the preservation of genetic resources of ornamental plants in Iran. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(2), 24-33. (In Persian).
6. Baskin J. M., Baskin C. C. (2003). New Approaches to the Study of the Evolution of Physical and Physiological Dormancy, The two Most Common Classes of Seed Dormancy on Earth. In: The Biology of Seeds Research Advances (pp. 371-380). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. [DOI:10.1079/9780851996530.0371]
7. Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. (2014). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination (2nd ed.). San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Publication.
8. Blumenthal, A., Lerner, H.R., Werker, E., Pojakoff-Mayber, A. (1986). Germination preventing mechanisms in Iris seeds. Annals of Botany, 58, 551-561. [DOI:10.1093/annbot/58.4.551]
9. Chamani, E., Taheri, M. (2015). Investigation on the hormone effects on in vitro culture of Iris pseudacorus. Journal of Horticultural Science, 29(1), 68-78. (In Persian).
10. Cumo C. (editor). (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California USA. 1, 532-533.
11. Darroudi, H., Akbari nia, M., Safar nejad, A., Hosseini, S.M., Hajian shahri, M. (2017). Acclimatization of tissue cultured plantlets Ribes khorasanicum as an endemic endanger species in different substrates. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(2), 346-356. (In Persian).
12. Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T. Siddall, R. (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 198
13. Fatahi Faradonbe, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Kamali Aliabad, K. (2019). Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo culture of three cultivars of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendi.). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 4(1), 47-61. (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/flowerjournal.4.1.47]
14. Finch-Savage, W.E., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171, 501-523. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x]
15. Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi, T., Steber, C. (2008). Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 387-415. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740]
16. Fleming-Hayes, R. Zlesak, D.C. (2015). Iris, Yard and Garden. University of Minnesota Extension, http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/flowers/iris/.
17. Hajizadeh, M., Ugur Yildirim, M., Mokhtarzadeh, S., Sarihan E.S., Khawar, M. (2019). Breaking of seed dormancy in Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter Under in vitro Conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(4), 15-24. [DOI:10.24326/asphc.2019.4.2]
18. Holloway, P.S. (1987(. Seed germination of Alaska Iris, Iris setose ssp. Interior. HortScience, 22, 898-899. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.5.898]
19. Jangjoo, M. B., Tavakoli, M. (2009). Study of seed germination in 10 plant of species of desert and grassland. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 15(2), 215-226. (In Persian).
20. Jones, K.D. Kaye, T.N. (2014). Factors influencing germination of a functionally important grassland plant, Iris tenax, PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90084. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090084]
21. Karimian, Z. (2016). Native plants in urban landscape. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(1): 78-86. (In Persian).
22. Khosh-Khui, M. (2010). Plant Propagation: Principle and Practice. Translated. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davis, F.T. Shiraz University Press. Volume 1. 373 pp.
23. Kukula-Koch, W., Sieniawska E., Widelski J., Urjin O., Głowniak P., Kalicka-Woźniak K. (2015). Major secondary metabolites of Iris spp. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14(1), 51-80. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-013-9333-1]
24. Lee, E., Jeachul, K. (2002). Improvement of seed germination in native Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn. (In Korean). Korean Journal Horticultural Science Technology, 20(4), 341-351.
25. Lim T. K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11 Modified stems, roots and bulbs, Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, pp. 3 -28. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-26065-5]
26. Lu, M.Y., Du, Y., Bi, X.Y. (2017). Study on seed dormancy and germination characteristics with five species of wild apogons Iris. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 37, 1823-1830.
27. Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. (2017). Iris ferdowsii (Iridaceae), a new species of section Regelia from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa, 291(3), 192-200. [DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.3]
28. Mohebbi, J., Jamzad, Z., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2016). The conservation status of six endemic Satureja species in Iran. Iran Nature, 1(1), 74-79. (In Persian).
29. Moradi, H., Azizi, M., Roshan, V., Aroiee, H. (2018). Evaluation of cardinal temperatures for seed germination of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss., a Native Medicinal Plant of Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(1), 1-11. (In Persian).
30. Morgan, M.D. (1990). Seed germination characteristics of Iris virginica. American Midland Naturalist, 124, 209-213. [DOI:10.2307/2426170]
31. Nichols, G.E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various Native American plants. Ecology, 15, 364-373. [DOI:10.2307/1932351]
32. Orhan, I., Nasim, S., Sener, B., Ayanoglu, F., Özgüven, M., Choudhary, Atta-ur-Rahman. M.I. (2003). Two isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytotherapy Research. 17, 575-577. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.1169]
33. Pirasteh-Anosheh, H. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) using different treatments and salinity tolerance threshold level evaluation at germination stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 7(1): 181-192. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.7.1.181]
34. Rahman, A.U., Nasim, S., Baig, I., Jalil, S., Orhan, I., Sener, B. Choudhary, M.I. (2003). Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86, 177-180. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00055-2]
35. Rajjou, M., Duval, K., Gallardo, J., Catusse, J., Bally, C., Job, D. (2012). Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63, 507-533. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550]
36. Rostami, A.A. Shahsavar, A. (2009). Effects of seed scarification on seed germination and early growth of olive seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(8), 825-828. [DOI:10.3923/jbs.2009.825.828]
37. Salehi, M., Shoor, M. Tehranifar, A., Samiei, L. (2018). Evaluation of different treatments to improve germination of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41(3), 105-117. (In Persian).
38. Smith, C.R., Herman, D. (2008). Iris, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating, 1M-3-05; 900-3-08, H-113 (Revised).
39. Sun, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, K., Qiu, X.J. (2006). NaOH scarification and stratification improve germination of Iris lactea var. chinensis seed. HortScience, 41, 773-774. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.773]
40. Voli, S., Dorman, M. (2019). Effects of soil type, period of burial and moisture levels on the germination of Oncocyclus iris seeds. Plant Ecology, 220, 1021-1028. [DOI:10.1007/s11258-019-00971-8]
41. Wang, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, C. (2010). Flavonoids of the genus Iris (Iridaceae). Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 10, 643-661. [DOI:10.2174/138955710791384027]
42. Wee, D. )2004(. Stratification and priming may improve seed germination of purple coneflower, blue-flag iris and evening primrose. Acta Horticulturae, 629, 391-395. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.50]
43. Wilson, C.A. (2004). Phylogeny of Iris based on chloroplast matK gene and trnK intron sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 402-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.013]
44. Wilson, C.A., Padiernos, J., Sapir, Y. (2016). The royal irises (Iris subg. Iris sect. Oncocyclus): Plastid and low-copy nuclear data contribute to an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships. Taxon, 65(1), 35-46. [DOI:10.12705/651.3]
45. Zarska-Maciejewskanal, B. Lewak, T. (1976). The role of lipases in the removal of dormancy in apple seeds. Planta, 132(2), 177-181. [DOI:10.1007/BF00388900]
46. Zhang, G., Yanfang, L.I. Tianming, H.U. (2010). Effects of sodium hydroxide and cold stratifying treatments on germination of Kobresia seeds. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 12, 19-32.
47. Agah, F., Esmaeili, M.A., Farzam, M., Abbasi, R. (2020). Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and seed bed medium on seed germination and morphology of Capparis spinosa L. seedlings. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(3), 45-57.
48. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Gerasimidou, E., Salta, A., Roussis, I., Bilalis, D. (2019). Sexual and vegetative propagation of Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. subsp. Empetrifolium. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 282-287. [DOI:10.15835/nbha47111267]
49. Arji, L., Rostami Dasgerdee, M., Gerdekaneh, M. (2020). Comparison of acid scarification, cold stratification on seed germination of three olive cultivars. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(2), 119-132.
50. Ashraf Mehrabi, A., Hajinia, S. (2019). The effect of seed pre-treatments on germination of Astragalus gossypinus seed. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 6(1), 95-113. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.6.1.95]
51. Bagheri, H., Saki, S. (2017). Requirements and guidelines for the preservation of genetic resources of ornamental plants in Iran. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(2), 24-33. (In Persian).
52. Baskin J. M., Baskin C. C. (2003). New Approaches to the Study of the Evolution of Physical and Physiological Dormancy, The two Most Common Classes of Seed Dormancy on Earth. In: The Biology of Seeds Research Advances (pp. 371-380). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. [DOI:10.1079/9780851996530.0371]
53. Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. (2014). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination (2nd ed.). San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Publication.
54. Blumenthal, A., Lerner, H.R., Werker, E., Pojakoff-Mayber, A. (1986). Germination preventing mechanisms in Iris seeds. Annals of Botany, 58, 551-561. [DOI:10.1093/annbot/58.4.551]
55. Chamani, E., Taheri, M. (2015). Investigation on the hormone effects on in vitro culture of Iris pseudacorus. Journal of Horticultural Science, 29(1), 68-78. (In Persian).
56. Cumo C. (editor). (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California USA. 1, 532-533.
57. Darroudi, H., Akbari nia, M., Safar nejad, A., Hosseini, S.M., Hajian shahri, M. (2017). Acclimatization of tissue cultured plantlets Ribes khorasanicum as an endemic endanger species in different substrates. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(2), 346-356. (In Persian).
58. Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T. Siddall, R. (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 198
59. Fatahi Faradonbe, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Kamali Aliabad, K. (2019). Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo culture of three cultivars of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendi.). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 4(1), 47-61. (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/flowerjournal.4.1.47]
60. Finch-Savage, W.E., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171, 501-523. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x]
61. Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi, T., Steber, C. (2008). Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 387-415. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740]
62. Fleming-Hayes, R. Zlesak, D.C. (2015). Iris, Yard and Garden. University of Minnesota Extension, http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/flowers/iris/.
63. Hajizadeh, M., Ugur Yildirim, M., Mokhtarzadeh, S., Sarihan E.S., Khawar, M. (2019). Breaking of seed dormancy in Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter Under in vitro Conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(4), 15-24. [DOI:10.24326/asphc.2019.4.2]
64. Holloway, P.S. (1987(. Seed germination of Alaska Iris, Iris setose ssp. Interior. HortScience, 22, 898-899. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.5.898]
65. Jangjoo, M. B., Tavakoli, M. (2009). Study of seed germination in 10 plant of species of desert and grassland. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 15(2), 215-226. (In Persian).
66. Jones, K.D. Kaye, T.N. (2014). Factors influencing germination of a functionally important grassland plant, Iris tenax, PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90084. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090084]
67. Karimian, Z. (2016). Native plants in urban landscape. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(1): 78-86. (In Persian).
68. Khosh-Khui, M. (2010). Plant Propagation: Principle and Practice. Translated. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davis, F.T. Shiraz University Press. Volume 1. 373 pp.
69. Kukula-Koch, W., Sieniawska E., Widelski J., Urjin O., Głowniak P., Kalicka-Woźniak K. (2015). Major secondary metabolites of Iris spp. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14(1), 51-80. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-013-9333-1]
70. Lee, E., Jeachul, K. (2002). Improvement of seed germination in native Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn. (In Korean). Korean Journal Horticultural Science Technology, 20(4), 341-351.
71. Lim T. K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11 Modified stems, roots and bulbs, Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, pp. 3 -28. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-7276-1]
72. Lu, M.Y., Du, Y., Bi, X.Y. (2017). Study on seed dormancy and germination characteristics with five species of wild apogons Iris. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 37, 1823-1830.
73. Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. (2017). Iris ferdowsii (Iridaceae), a new species of section Regelia from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa, 291(3), 192-200. [DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.3]
74. Mohebbi, J., Jamzad, Z., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2016). The conservation status of six endemic Satureja species in Iran. Iran Nature, 1(1), 74-79. (In Persian).
75. Moradi, H., Azizi, M., Roshan, V., Aroiee, H. (2018). Evaluation of cardinal temperatures for seed germination of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss., a Native Medicinal Plant of Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(1), 1-11. (In Persian).
76. Morgan, M.D. (1990). Seed germination characteristics of Iris virginica. American Midland Naturalist, 124, 209-213. [DOI:10.2307/2426170]
77. Nichols, G.E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various Native American plants. Ecology, 15, 364-373. [DOI:10.2307/1932351]
78. Orhan, I., Nasim, S., Sener, B., Ayanoglu, F., Özgüven, M., Choudhary, Atta-ur-Rahman. M.I. (2003). Two isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytotherapy Research. 17, 575-577. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.1169]
79. Pirasteh-Anosheh, H. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) using different treatments and salinity tolerance threshold level evaluation at germination stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 7(1): 181-192. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.7.1.181]
80. Rahman, A.U., Nasim, S., Baig, I., Jalil, S., Orhan, I., Sener, B. Choudhary, M.I. (2003). Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86, 177-180. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00055-2]
81. Rajjou, M., Duval, K., Gallardo, J., Catusse, J., Bally, C., Job, D. (2012). Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63, 507-533. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550]
82. Rostami, A.A. Shahsavar, A. (2009). Effects of seed scarification on seed germination and early growth of olive seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(8), 825-828. [DOI:10.3923/jbs.2009.825.828]
83. Salehi, M., Shoor, M. Tehranifar, A., Samiei, L. (2018). Evaluation of different treatments to improve germination of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41(3), 105-117. (In Persian).
84. Smith, C.R., Herman, D. (2008). Iris, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating, 1M-3-05; 900-3-08, H-113 (Revised).
85. Sun, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, K., Qiu, X.J. (2006). NaOH scarification and stratification improve germination of Iris lactea var. chinensis seed. HortScience, 41, 773-774. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.773]
86. Voli, S., Dorman, M. (2019). Effects of soil type, period of burial and moisture levels on the germination of Oncocyclus iris seeds. Plant Ecology, 220, 1021-1028. [DOI:10.1007/s11258-019-00971-8]
87. Wang, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, C. (2010). Flavonoids of the genus Iris (Iridaceae). Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 10, 643-661. [DOI:10.2174/138955710791384027]
88. Wee, D. )2004(. Stratification and priming may improve seed germination of purple coneflower, blue-flag iris and evening primrose. Acta Horticulturae, 629, 391-395. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.50]
89. Wilson, C.A. (2004). Phylogeny of Iris based on chloroplast matK gene and trnK intron sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 402-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.013]
90. Wilson, C.A., Padiernos, J., Sapir, Y. (2016). The royal irises (Iris subg. Iris sect. Oncocyclus): Plastid and low-copy nuclear data contribute to an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships. Taxon, 65(1), 35-46. [DOI:10.12705/651.3]
91. Zarska-Maciejewskanal, B. Lewak, T. (1976). The role of lipases in the removal of dormancy in apple seeds. Planta, 132(2), 177-181. [DOI:10.1007/BF00388900]
92. Zhang, G., Yanfang, L.I. Tianming, H.U. (2010). Effects of sodium hydroxide and cold stratifying treatments on germination of Kobresia seeds. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 12, 19-32.
93. Agah, F., Esmaeili, M.A., Farzam, M., Abbasi, R. (2020). Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and seed bed medium on seed germination and morphology of Capparis spinosa L. seedlings. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(3), 45-57.
94. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Gerasimidou, E., Salta, A., Roussis, I., Bilalis, D. (2019). Sexual and vegetative propagation of Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. subsp. Empetrifolium. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 282-287. [DOI:10.15835/nbha47111267]
95. Arji, L., Rostami Dasgerdee, M., Gerdekaneh, M. (2020). Comparison of acid scarification, cold stratification on seed germination of three olive cultivars. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(2), 119-132.
96. Ashraf Mehrabi, A., Hajinia, S. (2019). The effect of seed pre-treatments on germination of Astragalus gossypinus seed. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 6(1), 95-113. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.6.1.95]
97. Bagheri, H., Saki, S. (2017). Requirements and guidelines for the preservation of genetic resources of ornamental plants in Iran. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(2), 24-33. (In Persian).
98. Baskin J. M., Baskin C. C. (2003). New Approaches to the Study of the Evolution of Physical and Physiological Dormancy, The two Most Common Classes of Seed Dormancy on Earth. In: The Biology of Seeds Research Advances (pp. 371-380). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. [DOI:10.1079/9780851996530.0371]
99. Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. (2014). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination (2nd ed.). San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Publication.
100. Blumenthal, A., Lerner, H.R., Werker, E., Pojakoff-Mayber, A. (1986). Germination preventing mechanisms in Iris seeds. Annals of Botany, 58, 551-561. [DOI:10.1093/annbot/58.4.551]
101. Chamani, E., Taheri, M. (2015). Investigation on the hormone effects on in vitro culture of Iris pseudacorus. Journal of Horticultural Science, 29(1), 68-78. (In Persian).
102. Cumo C. (editor). (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California USA. 1, 532-533.
103. Darroudi, H., Akbari nia, M., Safar nejad, A., Hosseini, S.M., Hajian shahri, M. (2017). Acclimatization of tissue cultured plantlets Ribes khorasanicum as an endemic endanger species in different substrates. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(2), 346-356. (In Persian).
104. Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T. Siddall, R. (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 198
105. Fatahi Faradonbe, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Kamali Aliabad, K. (2019). Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo culture of three cultivars of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendi.). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 4(1), 47-61. (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/flowerjournal.4.1.47]
106. Finch-Savage, W.E., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171, 501-523. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x]
107. Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi, T., Steber, C. (2008). Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 387-415. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740]
108. Fleming-Hayes, R. Zlesak, D.C. (2015). Iris, Yard and Garden. University of Minnesota Extension, http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/flowers/iris/.
109. Hajizadeh, M., Ugur Yildirim, M., Mokhtarzadeh, S., Sarihan E.S., Khawar, M. (2019). Breaking of seed dormancy in Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter Under in vitro Conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(4), 15-24. [DOI:10.24326/asphc.2019.4.2]
110. Holloway, P.S. (1987(. Seed germination of Alaska Iris, Iris setose ssp. Interior. HortScience, 22, 898-899. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.5.898]
111. Jangjoo, M. B., Tavakoli, M. (2009). Study of seed germination in 10 plant of species of desert and grassland. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 15(2), 215-226. (In Persian).
112. Jones, K.D. Kaye, T.N. (2014). Factors influencing germination of a functionally important grassland plant, Iris tenax, PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90084. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090084]
113. Karimian, Z. (2016). Native plants in urban landscape. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(1): 78-86. (In Persian).
114. Khosh-Khui, M. (2010). Plant Propagation: Principle and Practice. Translated. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davis, F.T. Shiraz University Press. Volume 1. 373 pp.
115. Kukula-Koch, W., Sieniawska E., Widelski J., Urjin O., Głowniak P., Kalicka-Woźniak K. (2015). Major secondary metabolites of Iris spp. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14(1), 51-80. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-013-9333-1]
116. Lee, E., Jeachul, K. (2002). Improvement of seed germination in native Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn. (In Korean). Korean Journal Horticultural Science Technology, 20(4), 341-351.
117. Lim T. K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11 Modified stems, roots and bulbs, Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, pp. 3 -28. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-26065-5]
118. Lu, M.Y., Du, Y., Bi, X.Y. (2017). Study on seed dormancy and germination characteristics with five species of wild apogons Iris. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 37, 1823-1830.
119. Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. (2017). Iris ferdowsii (Iridaceae), a new species of section Regelia from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa, 291(3), 192-200. [DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.3]
120. Mohebbi, J., Jamzad, Z., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2016). The conservation status of six endemic Satureja species in Iran. Iran Nature, 1(1), 74-79. (In Persian).
121. Moradi, H., Azizi, M., Roshan, V., Aroiee, H. (2018). Evaluation of cardinal temperatures for seed germination of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss., a Native Medicinal Plant of Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(1), 1-11. (In Persian).
122. Morgan, M.D. (1990). Seed germination characteristics of Iris virginica. American Midland Naturalist, 124, 209-213. [DOI:10.2307/2426170]
123. Nichols, G.E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various Native American plants. Ecology, 15, 364-373. [DOI:10.2307/1932351]
124. Orhan, I., Nasim, S., Sener, B., Ayanoglu, F., Özgüven, M., Choudhary, Atta-ur-Rahman. M.I. (2003). Two isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytotherapy Research. 17, 575-577. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.1169]
125. Pirasteh-Anosheh, H. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) using different treatments and salinity tolerance threshold level evaluation at germination stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 7(1): 181-192. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.7.1.181]
126. Rahman, A.U., Nasim, S., Baig, I., Jalil, S., Orhan, I., Sener, B. Choudhary, M.I. (2003). Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86, 177-180. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00055-2]
127. Rajjou, M., Duval, K., Gallardo, J., Catusse, J., Bally, C., Job, D. (2012). Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63, 507-533. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550]
128. Rostami, A.A. Shahsavar, A. (2009). Effects of seed scarification on seed germination and early growth of olive seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(8), 825-828. [DOI:10.3923/jbs.2009.825.828]
129. Salehi, M., Shoor, M. Tehranifar, A., Samiei, L. (2018). Evaluation of different treatments to improve germination of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41(3), 105-117. (In Persian).
130. Smith, C.R., Herman, D. (2008). Iris, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating, 1M-3-05; 900-3-08, H-113 (Revised).
131. Sun, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, K., Qiu, X.J. (2006). NaOH scarification and stratification improve germination of Iris lactea var. chinensis seed. HortScience, 41, 773-774. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.773]
132. Voli, S., Dorman, M. (2019). Effects of soil type, period of burial and moisture levels on the germination of Oncocyclus iris seeds. Plant Ecology, 220, 1021-1028. [DOI:10.1007/s11258-019-00971-8]
133. Wang, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, C. (2010). Flavonoids of the genus Iris (Iridaceae). Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 10, 643-661. [DOI:10.2174/138955710791384027]
134. Wee, D. )2004(. Stratification and priming may improve seed germination of purple coneflower, blue-flag iris and evening primrose. Acta Horticulturae, 629, 391-395. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.50]
135. Wilson, C.A. (2004). Phylogeny of Iris based on chloroplast matK gene and trnK intron sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 402-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.013]
136. Wilson, C.A., Padiernos, J., Sapir, Y. (2016). The royal irises (Iris subg. Iris sect. Oncocyclus): Plastid and low-copy nuclear data contribute to an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships. Taxon, 65(1), 35-46. [DOI:10.12705/651.3]
137. Zarska-Maciejewskanal, B. Lewak, T. (1976). The role of lipases in the removal of dormancy in apple seeds. Planta, 132(2), 177-181. [DOI:10.1007/BF00388900]
138. Zhang, G., Yanfang, L.I. Tianming, H.U. (2010). Effects of sodium hydroxide and cold stratifying treatments on germination of Kobresia seeds. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 12, 19-32.
139. Agah, F., Esmaeili, M.A., Farzam, M., Abbasi, R. (2020). Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and seed bed medium on seed germination and morphology of Capparis spinosa L. seedlings. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(3), 45-57.
140. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Gerasimidou, E., Salta, A., Roussis, I., Bilalis, D. (2019). Sexual and vegetative propagation of Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. subsp. Empetrifolium. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 282-287. [DOI:10.15835/nbha47111267]
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147. Chamani, E., Taheri, M. (2015). Investigation on the hormone effects on in vitro culture of Iris pseudacorus. Journal of Horticultural Science, 29(1), 68-78. (In Persian).
148. Cumo C. (editor). (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California USA. 1, 532-533.
149. Darroudi, H., Akbari nia, M., Safar nejad, A., Hosseini, S.M., Hajian shahri, M. (2017). Acclimatization of tissue cultured plantlets Ribes khorasanicum as an endemic endanger species in different substrates. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(2), 346-356. (In Persian).
150. Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T. Siddall, R. (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 198
151. Fatahi Faradonbe, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Kamali Aliabad, K. (2019). Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo culture of three cultivars of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendi.). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 4(1), 47-61. (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/flowerjournal.4.1.47]
152. Finch-Savage, W.E., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171, 501-523. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x]
153. Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi, T., Steber, C. (2008). Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 387-415. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740]
154. Fleming-Hayes, R. Zlesak, D.C. (2015). Iris, Yard and Garden. University of Minnesota Extension, http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/flowers/iris/.
155. Hajizadeh, M., Ugur Yildirim, M., Mokhtarzadeh, S., Sarihan E.S., Khawar, M. (2019). Breaking of seed dormancy in Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter Under in vitro Conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(4), 15-24. [DOI:10.24326/asphc.2019.4.2]
156. Holloway, P.S. (1987(. Seed germination of Alaska Iris, Iris setose ssp. Interior. HortScience, 22, 898-899. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.5.898]
157. Jangjoo, M. B., Tavakoli, M. (2009). Study of seed germination in 10 plant of species of desert and grassland. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 15(2), 215-226. (In Persian).
158. Jones, K.D. Kaye, T.N. (2014). Factors influencing germination of a functionally important grassland plant, Iris tenax, PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90084. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090084]
159. Karimian, Z. (2016). Native plants in urban landscape. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(1): 78-86. (In Persian).
160. Khosh-Khui, M. (2010). Plant Propagation: Principle and Practice. Translated. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davis, F.T. Shiraz University Press. Volume 1. 373 pp.
161. Kukula-Koch, W., Sieniawska E., Widelski J., Urjin O., Głowniak P., Kalicka-Woźniak K. (2015). Major secondary metabolites of Iris spp. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14(1), 51-80. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-013-9333-1]
162. Lee, E., Jeachul, K. (2002). Improvement of seed germination in native Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn. (In Korean). Korean Journal Horticultural Science Technology, 20(4), 341-351.
163. Lim T. K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11 Modified stems, roots and bulbs, Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, pp. 3 -28. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-26065-5]
164. Lu, M.Y., Du, Y., Bi, X.Y. (2017). Study on seed dormancy and germination characteristics with five species of wild apogons Iris. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 37, 1823-1830.
165. Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. (2017). Iris ferdowsii (Iridaceae), a new species of section Regelia from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa, 291(3), 192-200. [DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.3]
166. Mohebbi, J., Jamzad, Z., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2016). The conservation status of six endemic Satureja species in Iran. Iran Nature, 1(1), 74-79. (In Persian).
167. Moradi, H., Azizi, M., Roshan, V., Aroiee, H. (2018). Evaluation of cardinal temperatures for seed germination of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss., a Native Medicinal Plant of Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(1), 1-11. (In Persian).
168. Morgan, M.D. (1990). Seed germination characteristics of Iris virginica. American Midland Naturalist, 124, 209-213. [DOI:10.2307/2426170]
169. Nichols, G.E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various Native American plants. Ecology, 15, 364-373. [DOI:10.2307/1932351]
170. Orhan, I., Nasim, S., Sener, B., Ayanoglu, F., Özgüven, M., Choudhary, Atta-ur-Rahman. M.I. (2003). Two isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytotherapy Research. 17, 575-577. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.1169]
171. Pirasteh-Anosheh, H. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) using different treatments and salinity tolerance threshold level evaluation at germination stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 7(1): 181-192. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.7.1.181]
172. Rahman, A.U., Nasim, S., Baig, I., Jalil, S., Orhan, I., Sener, B. Choudhary, M.I. (2003). Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86, 177-180. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00055-2]
173. Rajjou, M., Duval, K., Gallardo, J., Catusse, J., Bally, C., Job, D. (2012). Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63, 507-533. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550]
174. Rostami, A.A. Shahsavar, A. (2009). Effects of seed scarification on seed germination and early growth of olive seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(8), 825-828. [DOI:10.3923/jbs.2009.825.828]
175. Salehi, M., Shoor, M. Tehranifar, A., Samiei, L. (2018). Evaluation of different treatments to improve germination of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41(3), 105-117. (In Persian).
176. Smith, C.R., Herman, D. (2008). Iris, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating, 1M-3-05; 900-3-08, H-113 (Revised).
177. Sun, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, K., Qiu, X.J. (2006). NaOH scarification and stratification improve germination of Iris lactea var. chinensis seed. HortScience, 41, 773-774. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.773]
178. Voli, S., Dorman, M. (2019). Effects of soil type, period of burial and moisture levels on the germination of Oncocyclus iris seeds. Plant Ecology, 220, 1021-1028. [DOI:10.1007/s11258-019-00971-8]
179. Wang, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, C. (2010). Flavonoids of the genus Iris (Iridaceae). Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 10, 643-661. [DOI:10.2174/138955710791384027]
180. Wee, D. )2004(. Stratification and priming may improve seed germination of purple coneflower, blue-flag iris and evening primrose. Acta Horticulturae, 629, 391-395. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.50]
181. Wilson, C.A. (2004). Phylogeny of Iris based on chloroplast matK gene and trnK intron sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 402-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.013]
182. Wilson, C.A., Padiernos, J., Sapir, Y. (2016). The royal irises (Iris subg. Iris sect. Oncocyclus): Plastid and low-copy nuclear data contribute to an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships. Taxon, 65(1), 35-46. [DOI:10.12705/651.3]
183. Zarska-Maciejewskanal, B. Lewak, T. (1976). The role of lipases in the removal of dormancy in apple seeds. Planta, 132(2), 177-181. [DOI:10.1007/BF00388900]
184. Zhang, G., Yanfang, L.I. Tianming, H.U. (2010). Effects of sodium hydroxide and cold stratifying treatments on germination of Kobresia seeds. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 12, 19-32.
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Safari N, Tehranifar A, Kharrazi M, Shoor M. Evaluation of the characteristics of Iris ferdowsii seed germination, a new species, in danger of extinction and native to Iran. FOP 2022; 7 (1) :27-40
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