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:: Volume 7, Issue 1 (Spring and Summer 2022) ::
FOP 2022, 7(1): 77-92 Back to browse issues page
Effect of licorice residue vermicompost on growth and development of African violets
Maedeh Javanbakht , Masoud Ghaemi Ghehsareh * , Hamidreza Motaghian
Shahrekord University
Abstract:   (1783 Views)
One way to use organic waste is to convert it to vermicompost, which helps protect the environment and its safely dispose. Their passage through the gastrointestinal tract of the worms causes them to decompose and become useful substances for plant growth. One of the organic wastes in Iran is the residues of licorice processing factories, which, when digested by earthworms, may be used as organic fertilizer for plants. African violets is an important potted flowering plant that is considered for some characteristics such as drought and heat tolerance and proper growth in the shade. In this experiment, the effect of application of licorice root residue vermicompost on African violet plant in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications using peat moss (P) and licorice root residue vermicompost (LV) and perlite was investigated. Fifty percent of the bedding volume was perlite and the rest included different volume ratios of peat moss and vermicompost as LV0P50, LV10P40, LV20P30, LV30P20 and LV40P10. The results showed that in the bed containing 10% vermicompost, the highest appearance quality (9.12), fresh (68.32 g) and dry (4.49 g) weight of shoots, diameter (3.45 cm) and number (53.0) of florets, inflorescence length (8.5 cm) and leaf soluble sugar content (1.12 mgg-1) were observed. Root volume and length decreased with increasing vermicompost level in the substrate. In general, the best growth and quality were related to plants grown in a mixture containing perlite, peat moss and vermicompost up to 10%.
 
Keywords: Nutritional elements, Organic floriculture, Planting medium, Proline, Soluble sugar
Full-Text [PDF 658 kb]   (321 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2022/02/17 | Accepted: 2022/05/18 | Published: 2022/10/10
References
1. رفرنس های متنی مثل خروجی کراس رف را در اینجا وارد کرده و تایید کنید -------------Amiri, H., Ismaili, A., Hosseinzadeh, S.R. )2017(. Influence of vermicompost fertilizer and water deficit stress on morpho-physiological features of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Karaj). Compost Science and Utilization, 25(3), 152-165. (In Persian). [DOI:10.1080/1065657X.2016.1249313]
2. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Atiyeh, R., Metzger, J.D. )2004). Effects of vermicompost produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Bioresource Technology, 93, 139-144. [DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.015]
3. Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: polyphenol oxidases in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24, 1-14. [DOI:10.1104/pp.24.1.1]
4. Atiyeh, R.M., Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J.D., Shuster, W. (2000). Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. Pedobiologia, 44(5), 579-590. [DOI:10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70073-6]
5. Azarmi, R., Giglou, M.T., Taleshmikail, R.D. (2008). Influence of vermicompost on soil chemical and physical properties in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) field. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(14), 2397-2401.
6. Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39(1), 205-207. [DOI:10.1007/BF00018060]
7. Chapman, H.D., Pratt, P.F. (1961). Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Waters. University of California, Los Angeles, 60-61, 150-179.
8. Chen, Y., and Avnimelech, Y. (Eds.). (1986). The Role of Organic Matter in Modern Agriculture (Vol. 25). Springer Science and Business Media. 306p. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-009-4426-8]
9. Dole, M., Wilkins, H. (2005). Floriculture: Principles and Species. Prentice-Hall. Inc. Upper Saddle River, USA. 1023p.
10. Domfnguez, J. (2004). 20 State of the Art and New Perspectives on Vermicomposting Research. Earthworm Ecology. CRC Press, 401-424. [DOI:10.1201/9781420039719.ch20]
11. Esmaeilpour, B., Chamani, E. (2009). Vermicompost effects on growth and yield of cucumber. International Organic Agriculture Symposium, 19-21 August, Bangkok, Thailand.
12. Ghanbari, M. (2019). Effect of Peat moss, coir and licorice residue application in the medium on the growth and development of Pelargonium and Miniature Potted Rose. Master Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Iran. (In Persian).
13. Ghanbari, M., Ghasemi Ghehsare, M., Reezi, S. (2019). Comparison of the application of peat moss, cocopeat and licorice residue in geranium culture medium. 5th National Congress of Hydroponics and Greenhouse Products. February. Shiraz university.
14. Ghasemi Ghehsare, M., Kafi, M. (2016). Scientific and Practical Floriculture (Volume I). Author Publisher: 313p. (In Persian).
15. Ghasemi Ghehsareh, M., Ghanbari, M., Reezi, S. (2020). The effects of different potted mixtures on the growth and development of miniature roses (Rosa 'Orange Meillandina'). International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agriculture, 9(4), 399-409.
16. Ghasemi Ghehsareh, M., Khosh-Khui, M., Nazari, F. (2011). Comparison of municipal solid waste compost, vermicompost and leaf mold on growth and development of Cineraria (Pericallis × hybrida 'Star Wars'). Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 5(3), 55-58.
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18. Hosseinpur, A., Motaghian, H. (2018). Soil Testing (Correlation, Calibration, and Fertilizer Recommendation Studies). Shahrekord University, 386p. (In Persian).
19. Jafarniya, S., Khosroshaahi, A., Safayikhoram, M. (2019). Hydroponic Food Production: A Definitive Guidebook of Soilless Food-Growing Methods. Mashhad University Press. 408p. (Translated in Persian).
20. Khalighi, A. (1991). Floriculture and Cultivation of Ornamental Plants in Iran. Roozbehan Publications. 392p. (In Persian).
21. Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H. (2008). Evaluation of Nutrition Status and Optimum Fertilizer Management. Isfahan University of Technology. 158p. (In Persian).
22. Kimmins, R.K. (1992). Gloxinias, African violets, and Other Gesneriads. In: Larson R.A., Introduction To Floriculture, Elsevier. 289-303. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-437651-9.50016-6]
23. Maness, N. (2010) Extraction and Analysis of Soluble Carbohydrates. In: Sunkar R. (eds), Plant Stress Tolerance. Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols), vol 639. Humana Press. pp. 341-370. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-60761-702-0_22]
24. Matos, G.D., Arruda, M.A.Z. (2003). Vermicompost as natural adsorbent for removing metal ions from laboratory effluents. Process Biochemistry, 39(1): 81-88. [DOI:10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00315-1]
25. Milani, F. (2020). Effect of Peat Moss, Coir and Licorice Residue Compost Application in the Medium on the Growth and Development of Weeping Fig and African Violets. M.Sc. Thesis. Shahrekord University, Iran (In Persian).
26. Moaveni, P. (2009). Principles of Cultivation of Medicinal Plants. Eta Publications (1th ed.).144p.
27. Mohsenzadeh, S., Hoseinkhani Hezaveh, M., Zamanpour Shahmansouri, H. (2020). Some physiological characteristics of the medicinal plant Lavandula angustifolia in response to drought stress, compost and vermicompost. Journal of Plant Production Research, 27(3), 149-162. (In Persian).
28. Nath, G., Singh, K., Singh, D.K. (2009). Chemical analysis of vermicomposts/vermiwash of different combinations of animal, agro and kitchen wastes. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science. 3, 3672-3676.
29. Nazarli, H., Zarsashti, M.R., Darvishzadeh, R., Najafi, S. (2010). The effects of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower under greenhouse condition. Notulae Scientia Biologica, 2, 53-58. [DOI:10.15835/nsb244823]
30. Pace, M.G., Miller, B.E. and Farrell-Poe, K.L. (1995). The Composting Process. Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University. 2p.
31. Rafie, GH., Akbarzade, A. (2008). Hydroponics Guide. University of Tehran Press. 159p. (Translated in Persian).
32. Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T. (1990). Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30, 105-111. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000010025x]
33. Sardare, M.D., Admane, S.V. (2013). A review on plant without soil- hydroponics. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(3), 299-304. [DOI:10.15623/ijret.2013.0203013]
34. Shahbazi, M., Chamani, E., Shahbazi, M., Mostafavi, M., Pourbeirami EHir, Y. (2012). Investigation of media (vermicompost, peat and coco-peat) on growth and flowering of carnation flower. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 22(3), 127-136. (In Persian).
35. Suthar, S. (2009). Vermistabilization of municipal sewage sludge amended with sugarcane trash using epigenic Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(1), 199-206. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.106]
36. Amiri, H., Ismaili, A., Hosseinzadeh, S.R. )2017(. Influence of vermicompost fertilizer and water deficit stress on morpho-physiological features of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Karaj). Compost Science and Utilization, 25(3), 152-165. (In Persian). [DOI:10.1080/1065657X.2016.1249313]
37. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Atiyeh, R., Metzger, J.D. )2004). Effects of vermicompost produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Bioresource Technology, 93, 139-144. [DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.015]
38. Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: polyphenol oxidases in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24, 1-14. [DOI:10.1104/pp.24.1.1]
39. Atiyeh, R.M., Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J.D., Shuster, W. (2000). Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. Pedobiologia, 44(5), 579-590. [DOI:10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70073-6]
40. Azarmi, R., Giglou, M.T., Taleshmikail, R.D. (2008). Influence of vermicompost on soil chemical and physical properties in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) field. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(14), 2397-2401.
41. Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39(1), 205-207. [DOI:10.1007/BF00018060]
42. Chapman, H.D., Pratt, P.F. (1961). Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Waters. University of California, Los Angeles, 60-61, 150-179.
43. Chen, Y., and Avnimelech, Y. (Eds.). (1986). The Role of Organic Matter in Modern Agriculture (Vol. 25). Springer Science and Business Media. 306p. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-009-4426-8]
44. Dole, M., Wilkins, H. (2005). Floriculture: Principles and Species. Prentice-Hall. Inc. Upper Saddle River, USA. 1023p.
45. Domfnguez, J. (2004). 20 State of the Art and New Perspectives on Vermicomposting Research. Earthworm Ecology. CRC Press, 401-424. [DOI:10.1201/9781420039719.ch20]
46. Esmaeilpour, B., Chamani, E. (2009). Vermicompost effects on growth and yield of cucumber. International Organic Agriculture Symposium, 19-21 August, Bangkok, Thailand.
47. Ghanbari, M. (2019). Effect of Peat moss, coir and licorice residue application in the medium on the growth and development of Pelargonium and Miniature Potted Rose. Master Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Iran. (In Persian).
48. Ghanbari, M., Ghasemi Ghehsare, M., Reezi, S. (2019). Comparison of the application of peat moss, cocopeat and licorice residue in geranium culture medium. 5th National Congress of Hydroponics and Greenhouse Products. February. Shiraz university.
49. Ghasemi Ghehsare, M., Kafi, M. (2016). Scientific and Practical Floriculture (Volume I). Author Publisher: 313p. (In Persian).
50. Ghasemi Ghehsareh, M., Ghanbari, M., Reezi, S. (2020). The effects of different potted mixtures on the growth and development of miniature roses (Rosa 'Orange Meillandina'). International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agriculture, 9(4), 399-409.
51. Ghasemi Ghehsareh, M., Khosh-Khui, M., Nazari, F. (2011). Comparison of municipal solid waste compost, vermicompost and leaf mold on growth and development of Cineraria (Pericallis × hybrida 'Star Wars'). Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 5(3), 55-58.
52. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E. (2011). Hartmann and Kester's Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Pearson Prentice Hall. 922p.
53. Hosseinpur, A., Motaghian, H. (2018). Soil Testing (Correlation, Calibration, and Fertilizer Recommendation Studies). Shahrekord University, 386p. (In Persian).
54. Jafarniya, S., Khosroshaahi, A., Safayikhoram, M. (2019). Hydroponic Food Production: A Definitive Guidebook of Soilless Food-Growing Methods. Mashhad University Press. 408p. (Translated in Persian).
55. Khalighi, A. (1991). Floriculture and Cultivation of Ornamental Plants in Iran. Roozbehan Publications. 392p. (In Persian).
56. Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H. (2008). Evaluation of Nutrition Status and Optimum Fertilizer Management. Isfahan University of Technology. 158p. (In Persian).
57. Kimmins, R.K. (1992). Gloxinias, African violets, and Other Gesneriads. In: Larson R.A., Introduction To Floriculture, Elsevier. 289-303. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-437651-9.50016-6]
58. Maness, N. (2010) Extraction and Analysis of Soluble Carbohydrates. In: Sunkar R. (eds), Plant Stress Tolerance. Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols), vol 639. Humana Press. pp. 341-370. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-60761-702-0_22]
59. Matos, G.D., Arruda, M.A.Z. (2003). Vermicompost as natural adsorbent for removing metal ions from laboratory effluents. Process Biochemistry, 39(1): 81-88. [DOI:10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00315-1]
60. Milani, F. (2020). Effect of Peat Moss, Coir and Licorice Residue Compost Application in the Medium on the Growth and Development of Weeping Fig and African Violets. M.Sc. Thesis. Shahrekord University, Iran (In Persian).
61. Moaveni, P. (2009). Principles of Cultivation of Medicinal Plants. Eta Publications (1th ed.).144p.
62. Mohsenzadeh, S., Hoseinkhani Hezaveh, M., Zamanpour Shahmansouri, H. (2020). Some physiological characteristics of the medicinal plant Lavandula angustifolia in response to drought stress, compost and vermicompost. Journal of Plant Production Research, 27(3), 149-162. (In Persian).
63. Nath, G., Singh, K., Singh, D.K. (2009). Chemical analysis of vermicomposts/vermiwash of different combinations of animal, agro and kitchen wastes. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science. 3, 3672-3676.
64. Nazarli, H., Zarsashti, M.R., Darvishzadeh, R., Najafi, S. (2010). The effects of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower under greenhouse condition. Notulae Scientia Biologica, 2, 53-58. [DOI:10.15835/nsb244823]
65. Pace, M.G., Miller, B.E. and Farrell-Poe, K.L. (1995). The Composting Process. Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University. 2p.
66. Rafie, GH., Akbarzade, A. (2008). Hydroponics Guide. University of Tehran Press. 159p. (Translated in Persian).
67. Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T. (1990). Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30, 105-111. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000010025x]
68. Sardare, M.D., Admane, S.V. (2013). A review on plant without soil- hydroponics. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(3), 299-304. [DOI:10.15623/ijret.2013.0203013]
69. Shahbazi, M., Chamani, E., Shahbazi, M., Mostafavi, M., Pourbeirami EHir, Y. (2012). Investigation of media (vermicompost, peat and coco-peat) on growth and flowering of carnation flower. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 22(3), 127-136. (In Persian).
70. Suthar, S. (2009). Vermistabilization of municipal sewage sludge amended with sugarcane trash using epigenic Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(1), 199-206. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.106]
71. Amiri, H., Ismaili, A., Hosseinzadeh, S.R. )2017(. Influence of vermicompost fertilizer and water deficit stress on morpho-physiological features of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Karaj). Compost Science and Utilization, 25(3), 152-165. (In Persian). [DOI:10.1080/1065657X.2016.1249313]
72. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Atiyeh, R., Metzger, J.D. )2004). Effects of vermicompost produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Bioresource Technology, 93, 139-144. [DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.015]
73. Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: polyphenol oxidases in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24, 1-14. [DOI:10.1104/pp.24.1.1]
74. Atiyeh, R.M., Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J.D., Shuster, W. (2000). Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. Pedobiologia, 44(5), 579-590. [DOI:10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70073-6]
75. Azarmi, R., Giglou, M.T., Taleshmikail, R.D. (2008). Influence of vermicompost on soil chemical and physical properties in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) field. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(14), 2397-2401.
76. Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P., Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39(1), 205-207. [DOI:10.1007/BF00018060]
77. Chapman, H.D., Pratt, P.F. (1961). Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants and Waters. University of California, Los Angeles, 60-61, 150-179.
78. Chen, Y., and Avnimelech, Y. (Eds.). (1986). The Role of Organic Matter in Modern Agriculture (Vol. 25). Springer Science and Business Media. 306p. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-009-4426-8]
79. Dole, M., Wilkins, H. (2005). Floriculture: Principles and Species. Prentice-Hall. Inc. Upper Saddle River, USA. 1023p.
80. Domfnguez, J. (2004). 20 State of the Art and New Perspectives on Vermicomposting Research. Earthworm Ecology. CRC Press, 401-424. [DOI:10.1201/9781420039719.ch20]
81. Esmaeilpour, B., Chamani, E. (2009). Vermicompost effects on growth and yield of cucumber. International Organic Agriculture Symposium, 19-21 August, Bangkok, Thailand.
82. Ghanbari, M. (2019). Effect of Peat moss, coir and licorice residue application in the medium on the growth and development of Pelargonium and Miniature Potted Rose. Master Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Iran. (In Persian).
83. Ghanbari, M., Ghasemi Ghehsare, M., Reezi, S. (2019). Comparison of the application of peat moss, cocopeat and licorice residue in geranium culture medium. 5th National Congress of Hydroponics and Greenhouse Products. February. Shiraz university.
84. Ghasemi Ghehsare, M., Kafi, M. (2016). Scientific and Practical Floriculture (Volume I). Author Publisher: 313p. (In Persian).
85. Ghasemi Ghehsareh, M., Ghanbari, M., Reezi, S. (2020). The effects of different potted mixtures on the growth and development of miniature roses (Rosa 'Orange Meillandina'). International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agriculture, 9(4), 399-409.
86. Ghasemi Ghehsareh, M., Khosh-Khui, M., Nazari, F. (2011). Comparison of municipal solid waste compost, vermicompost and leaf mold on growth and development of Cineraria (Pericallis × hybrida 'Star Wars'). Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 5(3), 55-58.
87. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E. (2011). Hartmann and Kester's Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Pearson Prentice Hall. 922p.
88. Hosseinpur, A., Motaghian, H. (2018). Soil Testing (Correlation, Calibration, and Fertilizer Recommendation Studies). Shahrekord University, 386p. (In Persian).
89. Jafarniya, S., Khosroshaahi, A., Safayikhoram, M. (2019). Hydroponic Food Production: A Definitive Guidebook of Soilless Food-Growing Methods. Mashhad University Press. 408p. (Translated in Persian).
90. Khalighi, A. (1991). Floriculture and Cultivation of Ornamental Plants in Iran. Roozbehan Publications. 392p. (In Persian).
91. Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H. (2008). Evaluation of Nutrition Status and Optimum Fertilizer Management. Isfahan University of Technology. 158p. (In Persian).
92. Kimmins, R.K. (1992). Gloxinias, African violets, and Other Gesneriads. In: Larson R.A., Introduction To Floriculture, Elsevier. 289-303. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-437651-9.50016-6]
93. Maness, N. (2010) Extraction and Analysis of Soluble Carbohydrates. In: Sunkar R. (eds), Plant Stress Tolerance. Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols), vol 639. Humana Press. pp. 341-370. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-60761-702-0_22]
94. Matos, G.D., Arruda, M.A.Z. (2003). Vermicompost as natural adsorbent for removing metal ions from laboratory effluents. Process Biochemistry, 39(1): 81-88. [DOI:10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00315-1]
95. Milani, F. (2020). Effect of Peat Moss, Coir and Licorice Residue Compost Application in the Medium on the Growth and Development of Weeping Fig and African Violets. M.Sc. Thesis. Shahrekord University, Iran (In Persian).
96. Moaveni, P. (2009). Principles of Cultivation of Medicinal Plants. Eta Publications (1th ed.).144p.
97. Mohsenzadeh, S., Hoseinkhani Hezaveh, M., Zamanpour Shahmansouri, H. (2020). Some physiological characteristics of the medicinal plant Lavandula angustifolia in response to drought stress, compost and vermicompost. Journal of Plant Production Research, 27(3), 149-162. (In Persian).
98. Nath, G., Singh, K., Singh, D.K. (2009). Chemical analysis of vermicomposts/vermiwash of different combinations of animal, agro and kitchen wastes. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science. 3, 3672-3676.
99. Nazarli, H., Zarsashti, M.R., Darvishzadeh, R., Najafi, S. (2010). The effects of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower under greenhouse condition. Notulae Scientia Biologica, 2, 53-58. [DOI:10.15835/nsb244823]
100. Pace, M.G., Miller, B.E. and Farrell-Poe, K.L. (1995). The Composting Process. Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University. 2p.
101. Rafie, GH., Akbarzade, A. (2008). Hydroponics Guide. University of Tehran Press. 159p. (Translated in Persian).
102. Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T. (1990). Leaf water content and gas exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30, 105-111. [DOI:10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000010025x]
103. Sardare, M.D., Admane, S.V. (2013). A review on plant without soil- hydroponics. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 2(3), 299-304. [DOI:10.15623/ijret.2013.0203013]
104. Shahbazi, M., Chamani, E., Shahbazi, M., Mostafavi, M., Pourbeirami EHir, Y. (2012). Investigation of media (vermicompost, peat and coco-peat) on growth and flowering of carnation flower. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 22(3), 127-136. (In Persian).
105. Suthar, S. (2009). Vermistabilization of municipal sewage sludge amended with sugarcane trash using epigenic Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(1), 199-206. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.106]
106. Amiri, H., Ismaili, A., Hosseinzadeh, S.R. )2017(. Influence of vermicompost fertilizer and water deficit stress on morpho-physiological features of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Karaj). Compost Science and Utilization, 25(3), 152-165. (In Persian). [DOI:10.1080/1065657X.2016.1249313]
107. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Atiyeh, R., Metzger, J.D. )2004). Effects of vermicompost produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Bioresource Technology, 93, 139-144. [DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.10.015]
108. Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: polyphenol oxidases in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24, 1-14. [DOI:10.1104/pp.24.1.1]
109. Atiyeh, R.M., Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J.D., Shuster, W. (2000). Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticultural container media and soil. Pedobiologia, 44(5), 579-590. [DOI:10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70073-6]
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Javanbakht M, Ghaemi Ghehsareh M, Motaghian H. Effect of licorice residue vermicompost on growth and development of African violets. FOP 2022; 7 (1) :77-92
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گل و گیاهان زینتی Flower and Ornamental Plants
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