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:: دوره 7، شماره 1 - ( بهار و تابستان 1401 ) ::
جلد 7 شماره 1 صفحات 40-27 برگشت به فهرست نسخه ها
ارزیابی تنژگی بذر زنبق فردوسی (Iris ferdowsii)، گونه‌‌ا‌‌‌‌ی جدید، در معرض خطر انقراض و بومی ایران
نسیم صفری ، علی تهرانی فر* ، سیده مهدیه خرازی ، محمود شور
گروه علوم باغبانی و فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد
چکیده:   (1761 مشاهده)
از اصول بنیادین در حفظ و نگهداری گونه‌‌های وحشی به عنوان منبع ژنتیکی، انتخاب مطلوب‌‌ترین روش افزایش آن‌‌ها است. بررسی چگونگی تنژگی بذرهای گیاهان وحشی، گامی ضروری در روند اهلی‌‌سازی آنان است. با تاسف، گیاه زنبق فردوسی، بر اساس معیارها و گروه‌‌بندی‌‌های لیست قرمز اتحادیه جهانی حفاظت از طبیعت، با توجه به توزیع جغرافیایی، جمعیت‌‌های گیاهی جدا و کاهش رویشگاه‌‌های مناسب رشد، در خطر انقراض است. از مراحل حساس و بحرانی چرخه رشد گیاهان، تنژگی بذر می‌‌باشد؛ که به طور قابل توجهی در کنترل جمعیت گیاهی موثر است. برای بررسی شاخص‌‌های تنژگی بذر گیاه زنبق فردوسی، آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سولفوریک اسید %98 به مدت 5، 10 و 15 دقیقه، سدیم هیدروکسید 10، 15 و 20 مولار به مدت 10 دقیقه، حذف پوسته بذر، حذف میکروپیل و شاهد بود. در هر تکرار تعداد 25 عدد بذر قرار داده شد. پس از تیمارهای آزمایش، بذور به مدت یک ماه در شرایط دمایی 1±25 درجه سلسیوس و پس از آن به مدت سه ماه در دمای 1±6 درجه سلسیوس قرار داده شدند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که درصد تنژگی بذر در تیمار حذف میکروپیل 75% در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد افزایش یافت. افزون بر این، بیشترین سرعت تنژگی و میانگین تنژگی روزانه نیز در این تیمار مشاهده شد. همچنین از میان سایر تیمارهای مورد بررسی، تیمارهای استفاده از سدیم هیدروکسید در غلظت 20 مولار به مدت 10 دقیقه و حذف پوسته بذر، درصد تنژگی بذر را به ترتیب از صفر به 00/31 و 66/32% افزایش داد. به طور کلی، می‌‌توان بیان کرد که بهترین تیمار تنژگی بذر زنبق فردوسی، حذف میکروپیل بذر می‌‌باشد. وجود خفتگی مکانیکی و فیزیکی و خفتگی شیمیایی ناشی از وجود مواد بازدارنده رشد در دورن‌‌بر از عوامل جلوگیری‌‌کننده از تنژگی بذر زنبق می‌‌باشد. در نتیجه حذف درون‌‌بر بدون هیچ‌‌گونه آسیب دیدگی به رویان بذر، تسریع تنژگی بذر را در پی‌‌ خواهد داشت.
واژه‌های کلیدی: افزایش، خفتگی بذر، زنبق فردوسی
متن کامل [PDF 2258 kb]   (209 دریافت)    
نوع مطالعه: پژوهشي | موضوع مقاله: تخصصي
دریافت: 1400/11/18 | پذیرش: 1400/12/18 | انتشار: 1401/7/9
فهرست منابع
1. رفرنس های متنی مثل خروجی کراس رف را در اینجا وارد کرده و تایید کنید -------------Agah, F., Esmaeili, M.A., Farzam, M., Abbasi, R. (2020). Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and seed bed medium on seed germination and morphology of Capparis spinosa L. seedlings. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(3), 45-57.
2. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Gerasimidou, E., Salta, A., Roussis, I., Bilalis, D. (2019). Sexual and vegetative propagation of Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. subsp. Empetrifolium. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 282-287. [DOI:10.15835/nbha47111267]
3. Arji, L., Rostami Dasgerdee, M., Gerdekaneh, M. (2020). Comparison of acid scarification, cold stratification on seed germination of three olive cultivars. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(2), 119-132.
4. Ashraf Mehrabi, A., Hajinia, S. (2019). The effect of seed pre-treatments on germination of Astragalus gossypinus seed. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 6(1), 95-113. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.6.1.95]
5. Bagheri, H., Saki, S. (2017). Requirements and guidelines for the preservation of genetic resources of ornamental plants in Iran. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(2), 24-33. (In Persian).
6. Baskin J. M., Baskin C. C. (2003). New Approaches to the Study of the Evolution of Physical and Physiological Dormancy, The two Most Common Classes of Seed Dormancy on Earth. In: The Biology of Seeds Research Advances (pp. 371-380). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. [DOI:10.1079/9780851996530.0371]
7. Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. (2014). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination (2nd ed.). San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Publication.
8. Blumenthal, A., Lerner, H.R., Werker, E., Pojakoff-Mayber, A. (1986). Germination preventing mechanisms in Iris seeds. Annals of Botany, 58, 551-561. [DOI:10.1093/annbot/58.4.551]
9. Chamani, E., Taheri, M. (2015). Investigation on the hormone effects on in vitro culture of Iris pseudacorus. Journal of Horticultural Science, 29(1), 68-78. (In Persian).
10. Cumo C. (editor). (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California USA. 1, 532-533.
11. Darroudi, H., Akbari nia, M., Safar nejad, A., Hosseini, S.M., Hajian shahri, M. (2017). Acclimatization of tissue cultured plantlets Ribes khorasanicum as an endemic endanger species in different substrates. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(2), 346-356. (In Persian).
12. Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T. Siddall, R. (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 198
13. Fatahi Faradonbe, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Kamali Aliabad, K. (2019). Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo culture of three cultivars of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendi.). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 4(1), 47-61. (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/flowerjournal.4.1.47]
14. Finch-Savage, W.E., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171, 501-523. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x]
15. Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi, T., Steber, C. (2008). Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 387-415. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740]
16. Fleming-Hayes, R. Zlesak, D.C. (2015). Iris, Yard and Garden. University of Minnesota Extension, http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/flowers/iris/.
17. Hajizadeh, M., Ugur Yildirim, M., Mokhtarzadeh, S., Sarihan E.S., Khawar, M. (2019). Breaking of seed dormancy in Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter Under in vitro Conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(4), 15-24. [DOI:10.24326/asphc.2019.4.2]
18. Holloway, P.S. (1987(. Seed germination of Alaska Iris, Iris setose ssp. Interior. HortScience, 22, 898-899. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.5.898]
19. Jangjoo, M. B., Tavakoli, M. (2009). Study of seed germination in 10 plant of species of desert and grassland. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 15(2), 215-226. (In Persian).
20. Jones, K.D. Kaye, T.N. (2014). Factors influencing germination of a functionally important grassland plant, Iris tenax, PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90084. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090084]
21. Karimian, Z. (2016). Native plants in urban landscape. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(1): 78-86. (In Persian).
22. Khosh-Khui, M. (2010). Plant Propagation: Principle and Practice. Translated. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davis, F.T. Shiraz University Press. Volume 1. 373 pp.
23. Kukula-Koch, W., Sieniawska E., Widelski J., Urjin O., Głowniak P., Kalicka-Woźniak K. (2015). Major secondary metabolites of Iris spp. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14(1), 51-80. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-013-9333-1]
24. Lee, E., Jeachul, K. (2002). Improvement of seed germination in native Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn. (In Korean). Korean Journal Horticultural Science Technology, 20(4), 341-351.
25. Lim T. K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11 Modified stems, roots and bulbs, Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, pp. 3 -28. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-26065-5]
26. Lu, M.Y., Du, Y., Bi, X.Y. (2017). Study on seed dormancy and germination characteristics with five species of wild apogons Iris. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 37, 1823-1830.
27. Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. (2017). Iris ferdowsii (Iridaceae), a new species of section Regelia from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa, 291(3), 192-200. [DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.3]
28. Mohebbi, J., Jamzad, Z., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2016). The conservation status of six endemic Satureja species in Iran. Iran Nature, 1(1), 74-79. (In Persian).
29. Moradi, H., Azizi, M., Roshan, V., Aroiee, H. (2018). Evaluation of cardinal temperatures for seed germination of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss., a Native Medicinal Plant of Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(1), 1-11. (In Persian).
30. Morgan, M.D. (1990). Seed germination characteristics of Iris virginica. American Midland Naturalist, 124, 209-213. [DOI:10.2307/2426170]
31. Nichols, G.E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various Native American plants. Ecology, 15, 364-373. [DOI:10.2307/1932351]
32. Orhan, I., Nasim, S., Sener, B., Ayanoglu, F., Özgüven, M., Choudhary, Atta-ur-Rahman. M.I. (2003). Two isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytotherapy Research. 17, 575-577. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.1169]
33. Pirasteh-Anosheh, H. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) using different treatments and salinity tolerance threshold level evaluation at germination stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 7(1): 181-192. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.7.1.181]
34. Rahman, A.U., Nasim, S., Baig, I., Jalil, S., Orhan, I., Sener, B. Choudhary, M.I. (2003). Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86, 177-180. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00055-2]
35. Rajjou, M., Duval, K., Gallardo, J., Catusse, J., Bally, C., Job, D. (2012). Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63, 507-533. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550]
36. Rostami, A.A. Shahsavar, A. (2009). Effects of seed scarification on seed germination and early growth of olive seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(8), 825-828. [DOI:10.3923/jbs.2009.825.828]
37. Salehi, M., Shoor, M. Tehranifar, A., Samiei, L. (2018). Evaluation of different treatments to improve germination of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41(3), 105-117. (In Persian).
38. Smith, C.R., Herman, D. (2008). Iris, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating, 1M-3-05; 900-3-08, H-113 (Revised).
39. Sun, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, K., Qiu, X.J. (2006). NaOH scarification and stratification improve germination of Iris lactea var. chinensis seed. HortScience, 41, 773-774. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.773]
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47. Agah, F., Esmaeili, M.A., Farzam, M., Abbasi, R. (2020). Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and seed bed medium on seed germination and morphology of Capparis spinosa L. seedlings. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(3), 45-57.
48. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Gerasimidou, E., Salta, A., Roussis, I., Bilalis, D. (2019). Sexual and vegetative propagation of Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. subsp. Empetrifolium. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 282-287. [DOI:10.15835/nbha47111267]
49. Arji, L., Rostami Dasgerdee, M., Gerdekaneh, M. (2020). Comparison of acid scarification, cold stratification on seed germination of three olive cultivars. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(2), 119-132.
50. Ashraf Mehrabi, A., Hajinia, S. (2019). The effect of seed pre-treatments on germination of Astragalus gossypinus seed. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 6(1), 95-113. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.6.1.95]
51. Bagheri, H., Saki, S. (2017). Requirements and guidelines for the preservation of genetic resources of ornamental plants in Iran. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(2), 24-33. (In Persian).
52. Baskin J. M., Baskin C. C. (2003). New Approaches to the Study of the Evolution of Physical and Physiological Dormancy, The two Most Common Classes of Seed Dormancy on Earth. In: The Biology of Seeds Research Advances (pp. 371-380). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. [DOI:10.1079/9780851996530.0371]
53. Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. (2014). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination (2nd ed.). San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Publication.
54. Blumenthal, A., Lerner, H.R., Werker, E., Pojakoff-Mayber, A. (1986). Germination preventing mechanisms in Iris seeds. Annals of Botany, 58, 551-561. [DOI:10.1093/annbot/58.4.551]
55. Chamani, E., Taheri, M. (2015). Investigation on the hormone effects on in vitro culture of Iris pseudacorus. Journal of Horticultural Science, 29(1), 68-78. (In Persian).
56. Cumo C. (editor). (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California USA. 1, 532-533.
57. Darroudi, H., Akbari nia, M., Safar nejad, A., Hosseini, S.M., Hajian shahri, M. (2017). Acclimatization of tissue cultured plantlets Ribes khorasanicum as an endemic endanger species in different substrates. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(2), 346-356. (In Persian).
58. Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T. Siddall, R. (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 198
59. Fatahi Faradonbe, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Kamali Aliabad, K. (2019). Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo culture of three cultivars of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendi.). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 4(1), 47-61. (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/flowerjournal.4.1.47]
60. Finch-Savage, W.E., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171, 501-523. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x]
61. Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi, T., Steber, C. (2008). Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 387-415. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740]
62. Fleming-Hayes, R. Zlesak, D.C. (2015). Iris, Yard and Garden. University of Minnesota Extension, http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/flowers/iris/.
63. Hajizadeh, M., Ugur Yildirim, M., Mokhtarzadeh, S., Sarihan E.S., Khawar, M. (2019). Breaking of seed dormancy in Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter Under in vitro Conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(4), 15-24. [DOI:10.24326/asphc.2019.4.2]
64. Holloway, P.S. (1987(. Seed germination of Alaska Iris, Iris setose ssp. Interior. HortScience, 22, 898-899. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.5.898]
65. Jangjoo, M. B., Tavakoli, M. (2009). Study of seed germination in 10 plant of species of desert and grassland. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 15(2), 215-226. (In Persian).
66. Jones, K.D. Kaye, T.N. (2014). Factors influencing germination of a functionally important grassland plant, Iris tenax, PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90084. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090084]
67. Karimian, Z. (2016). Native plants in urban landscape. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(1): 78-86. (In Persian).
68. Khosh-Khui, M. (2010). Plant Propagation: Principle and Practice. Translated. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davis, F.T. Shiraz University Press. Volume 1. 373 pp.
69. Kukula-Koch, W., Sieniawska E., Widelski J., Urjin O., Głowniak P., Kalicka-Woźniak K. (2015). Major secondary metabolites of Iris spp. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14(1), 51-80. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-013-9333-1]
70. Lee, E., Jeachul, K. (2002). Improvement of seed germination in native Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn. (In Korean). Korean Journal Horticultural Science Technology, 20(4), 341-351.
71. Lim T. K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11 Modified stems, roots and bulbs, Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, pp. 3 -28. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-7276-1]
72. Lu, M.Y., Du, Y., Bi, X.Y. (2017). Study on seed dormancy and germination characteristics with five species of wild apogons Iris. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 37, 1823-1830.
73. Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. (2017). Iris ferdowsii (Iridaceae), a new species of section Regelia from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa, 291(3), 192-200. [DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.3]
74. Mohebbi, J., Jamzad, Z., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2016). The conservation status of six endemic Satureja species in Iran. Iran Nature, 1(1), 74-79. (In Persian).
75. Moradi, H., Azizi, M., Roshan, V., Aroiee, H. (2018). Evaluation of cardinal temperatures for seed germination of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss., a Native Medicinal Plant of Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(1), 1-11. (In Persian).
76. Morgan, M.D. (1990). Seed germination characteristics of Iris virginica. American Midland Naturalist, 124, 209-213. [DOI:10.2307/2426170]
77. Nichols, G.E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various Native American plants. Ecology, 15, 364-373. [DOI:10.2307/1932351]
78. Orhan, I., Nasim, S., Sener, B., Ayanoglu, F., Özgüven, M., Choudhary, Atta-ur-Rahman. M.I. (2003). Two isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytotherapy Research. 17, 575-577. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.1169]
79. Pirasteh-Anosheh, H. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) using different treatments and salinity tolerance threshold level evaluation at germination stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 7(1): 181-192. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.7.1.181]
80. Rahman, A.U., Nasim, S., Baig, I., Jalil, S., Orhan, I., Sener, B. Choudhary, M.I. (2003). Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86, 177-180. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00055-2]
81. Rajjou, M., Duval, K., Gallardo, J., Catusse, J., Bally, C., Job, D. (2012). Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63, 507-533. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550]
82. Rostami, A.A. Shahsavar, A. (2009). Effects of seed scarification on seed germination and early growth of olive seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(8), 825-828. [DOI:10.3923/jbs.2009.825.828]
83. Salehi, M., Shoor, M. Tehranifar, A., Samiei, L. (2018). Evaluation of different treatments to improve germination of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41(3), 105-117. (In Persian).
84. Smith, C.R., Herman, D. (2008). Iris, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating, 1M-3-05; 900-3-08, H-113 (Revised).
85. Sun, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, K., Qiu, X.J. (2006). NaOH scarification and stratification improve germination of Iris lactea var. chinensis seed. HortScience, 41, 773-774. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.773]
86. Voli, S., Dorman, M. (2019). Effects of soil type, period of burial and moisture levels on the germination of Oncocyclus iris seeds. Plant Ecology, 220, 1021-1028. [DOI:10.1007/s11258-019-00971-8]
87. Wang, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, C. (2010). Flavonoids of the genus Iris (Iridaceae). Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 10, 643-661. [DOI:10.2174/138955710791384027]
88. Wee, D. )2004(. Stratification and priming may improve seed germination of purple coneflower, blue-flag iris and evening primrose. Acta Horticulturae, 629, 391-395. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.50]
89. Wilson, C.A. (2004). Phylogeny of Iris based on chloroplast matK gene and trnK intron sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 402-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.013]
90. Wilson, C.A., Padiernos, J., Sapir, Y. (2016). The royal irises (Iris subg. Iris sect. Oncocyclus): Plastid and low-copy nuclear data contribute to an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships. Taxon, 65(1), 35-46. [DOI:10.12705/651.3]
91. Zarska-Maciejewskanal, B. Lewak, T. (1976). The role of lipases in the removal of dormancy in apple seeds. Planta, 132(2), 177-181. [DOI:10.1007/BF00388900]
92. Zhang, G., Yanfang, L.I. Tianming, H.U. (2010). Effects of sodium hydroxide and cold stratifying treatments on germination of Kobresia seeds. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 12, 19-32.
93. Agah, F., Esmaeili, M.A., Farzam, M., Abbasi, R. (2020). Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and seed bed medium on seed germination and morphology of Capparis spinosa L. seedlings. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(3), 45-57.
94. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Gerasimidou, E., Salta, A., Roussis, I., Bilalis, D. (2019). Sexual and vegetative propagation of Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. subsp. Empetrifolium. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 282-287. [DOI:10.15835/nbha47111267]
95. Arji, L., Rostami Dasgerdee, M., Gerdekaneh, M. (2020). Comparison of acid scarification, cold stratification on seed germination of three olive cultivars. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(2), 119-132.
96. Ashraf Mehrabi, A., Hajinia, S. (2019). The effect of seed pre-treatments on germination of Astragalus gossypinus seed. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 6(1), 95-113. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.6.1.95]
97. Bagheri, H., Saki, S. (2017). Requirements and guidelines for the preservation of genetic resources of ornamental plants in Iran. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(2), 24-33. (In Persian).
98. Baskin J. M., Baskin C. C. (2003). New Approaches to the Study of the Evolution of Physical and Physiological Dormancy, The two Most Common Classes of Seed Dormancy on Earth. In: The Biology of Seeds Research Advances (pp. 371-380). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. [DOI:10.1079/9780851996530.0371]
99. Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. (2014). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination (2nd ed.). San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Publication.
100. Blumenthal, A., Lerner, H.R., Werker, E., Pojakoff-Mayber, A. (1986). Germination preventing mechanisms in Iris seeds. Annals of Botany, 58, 551-561. [DOI:10.1093/annbot/58.4.551]
101. Chamani, E., Taheri, M. (2015). Investigation on the hormone effects on in vitro culture of Iris pseudacorus. Journal of Horticultural Science, 29(1), 68-78. (In Persian).
102. Cumo C. (editor). (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California USA. 1, 532-533.
103. Darroudi, H., Akbari nia, M., Safar nejad, A., Hosseini, S.M., Hajian shahri, M. (2017). Acclimatization of tissue cultured plantlets Ribes khorasanicum as an endemic endanger species in different substrates. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(2), 346-356. (In Persian).
104. Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T. Siddall, R. (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 198
105. Fatahi Faradonbe, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Kamali Aliabad, K. (2019). Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo culture of three cultivars of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendi.). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 4(1), 47-61. (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/flowerjournal.4.1.47]
106. Finch-Savage, W.E., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171, 501-523. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x]
107. Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi, T., Steber, C. (2008). Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 387-415. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740]
108. Fleming-Hayes, R. Zlesak, D.C. (2015). Iris, Yard and Garden. University of Minnesota Extension, http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/flowers/iris/.
109. Hajizadeh, M., Ugur Yildirim, M., Mokhtarzadeh, S., Sarihan E.S., Khawar, M. (2019). Breaking of seed dormancy in Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter Under in vitro Conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(4), 15-24. [DOI:10.24326/asphc.2019.4.2]
110. Holloway, P.S. (1987(. Seed germination of Alaska Iris, Iris setose ssp. Interior. HortScience, 22, 898-899. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.5.898]
111. Jangjoo, M. B., Tavakoli, M. (2009). Study of seed germination in 10 plant of species of desert and grassland. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 15(2), 215-226. (In Persian).
112. Jones, K.D. Kaye, T.N. (2014). Factors influencing germination of a functionally important grassland plant, Iris tenax, PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90084. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090084]
113. Karimian, Z. (2016). Native plants in urban landscape. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(1): 78-86. (In Persian).
114. Khosh-Khui, M. (2010). Plant Propagation: Principle and Practice. Translated. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davis, F.T. Shiraz University Press. Volume 1. 373 pp.
115. Kukula-Koch, W., Sieniawska E., Widelski J., Urjin O., Głowniak P., Kalicka-Woźniak K. (2015). Major secondary metabolites of Iris spp. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14(1), 51-80. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-013-9333-1]
116. Lee, E., Jeachul, K. (2002). Improvement of seed germination in native Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn. (In Korean). Korean Journal Horticultural Science Technology, 20(4), 341-351.
117. Lim T. K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11 Modified stems, roots and bulbs, Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, pp. 3 -28. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-26065-5]
118. Lu, M.Y., Du, Y., Bi, X.Y. (2017). Study on seed dormancy and germination characteristics with five species of wild apogons Iris. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 37, 1823-1830.
119. Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. (2017). Iris ferdowsii (Iridaceae), a new species of section Regelia from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa, 291(3), 192-200. [DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.3]
120. Mohebbi, J., Jamzad, Z., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2016). The conservation status of six endemic Satureja species in Iran. Iran Nature, 1(1), 74-79. (In Persian).
121. Moradi, H., Azizi, M., Roshan, V., Aroiee, H. (2018). Evaluation of cardinal temperatures for seed germination of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss., a Native Medicinal Plant of Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(1), 1-11. (In Persian).
122. Morgan, M.D. (1990). Seed germination characteristics of Iris virginica. American Midland Naturalist, 124, 209-213. [DOI:10.2307/2426170]
123. Nichols, G.E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various Native American plants. Ecology, 15, 364-373. [DOI:10.2307/1932351]
124. Orhan, I., Nasim, S., Sener, B., Ayanoglu, F., Özgüven, M., Choudhary, Atta-ur-Rahman. M.I. (2003). Two isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytotherapy Research. 17, 575-577. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.1169]
125. Pirasteh-Anosheh, H. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) using different treatments and salinity tolerance threshold level evaluation at germination stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 7(1): 181-192. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.7.1.181]
126. Rahman, A.U., Nasim, S., Baig, I., Jalil, S., Orhan, I., Sener, B. Choudhary, M.I. (2003). Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86, 177-180. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00055-2]
127. Rajjou, M., Duval, K., Gallardo, J., Catusse, J., Bally, C., Job, D. (2012). Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63, 507-533. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550]
128. Rostami, A.A. Shahsavar, A. (2009). Effects of seed scarification on seed germination and early growth of olive seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(8), 825-828. [DOI:10.3923/jbs.2009.825.828]
129. Salehi, M., Shoor, M. Tehranifar, A., Samiei, L. (2018). Evaluation of different treatments to improve germination of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41(3), 105-117. (In Persian).
130. Smith, C.R., Herman, D. (2008). Iris, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating, 1M-3-05; 900-3-08, H-113 (Revised).
131. Sun, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, K., Qiu, X.J. (2006). NaOH scarification and stratification improve germination of Iris lactea var. chinensis seed. HortScience, 41, 773-774. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.773]
132. Voli, S., Dorman, M. (2019). Effects of soil type, period of burial and moisture levels on the germination of Oncocyclus iris seeds. Plant Ecology, 220, 1021-1028. [DOI:10.1007/s11258-019-00971-8]
133. Wang, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, C. (2010). Flavonoids of the genus Iris (Iridaceae). Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 10, 643-661. [DOI:10.2174/138955710791384027]
134. Wee, D. )2004(. Stratification and priming may improve seed germination of purple coneflower, blue-flag iris and evening primrose. Acta Horticulturae, 629, 391-395. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.50]
135. Wilson, C.A. (2004). Phylogeny of Iris based on chloroplast matK gene and trnK intron sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 402-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.013]
136. Wilson, C.A., Padiernos, J., Sapir, Y. (2016). The royal irises (Iris subg. Iris sect. Oncocyclus): Plastid and low-copy nuclear data contribute to an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships. Taxon, 65(1), 35-46. [DOI:10.12705/651.3]
137. Zarska-Maciejewskanal, B. Lewak, T. (1976). The role of lipases in the removal of dormancy in apple seeds. Planta, 132(2), 177-181. [DOI:10.1007/BF00388900]
138. Zhang, G., Yanfang, L.I. Tianming, H.U. (2010). Effects of sodium hydroxide and cold stratifying treatments on germination of Kobresia seeds. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 12, 19-32.
139. Agah, F., Esmaeili, M.A., Farzam, M., Abbasi, R. (2020). Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and seed bed medium on seed germination and morphology of Capparis spinosa L. seedlings. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(3), 45-57.
140. Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, A., Gerasimidou, E., Salta, A., Roussis, I., Bilalis, D. (2019). Sexual and vegetative propagation of Hypericum empetrifolium Willd. subsp. Empetrifolium. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 282-287. [DOI:10.15835/nbha47111267]
141. Arji, L., Rostami Dasgerdee, M., Gerdekaneh, M. (2020). Comparison of acid scarification, cold stratification on seed germination of three olive cultivars. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Technology, 9(2), 119-132.
142. Ashraf Mehrabi, A., Hajinia, S. (2019). The effect of seed pre-treatments on germination of Astragalus gossypinus seed. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 6(1), 95-113. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.6.1.95]
143. Bagheri, H., Saki, S. (2017). Requirements and guidelines for the preservation of genetic resources of ornamental plants in Iran. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(2), 24-33. (In Persian).
144. Baskin J. M., Baskin C. C. (2003). New Approaches to the Study of the Evolution of Physical and Physiological Dormancy, The two Most Common Classes of Seed Dormancy on Earth. In: The Biology of Seeds Research Advances (pp. 371-380). Wallingford, United Kingdom: CAB International. [DOI:10.1079/9780851996530.0371]
145. Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M. (2014). Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination (2nd ed.). San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Publication.
146. Blumenthal, A., Lerner, H.R., Werker, E., Pojakoff-Mayber, A. (1986). Germination preventing mechanisms in Iris seeds. Annals of Botany, 58, 551-561. [DOI:10.1093/annbot/58.4.551]
147. Chamani, E., Taheri, M. (2015). Investigation on the hormone effects on in vitro culture of Iris pseudacorus. Journal of Horticultural Science, 29(1), 68-78. (In Persian).
148. Cumo C. (editor). (2013). Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California USA. 1, 532-533.
149. Darroudi, H., Akbari nia, M., Safar nejad, A., Hosseini, S.M., Hajian shahri, M. (2017). Acclimatization of tissue cultured plantlets Ribes khorasanicum as an endemic endanger species in different substrates. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 30(2), 346-356. (In Persian).
150. Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T. Siddall, R. (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 198
151. Fatahi Faradonbe, M., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Kamali Aliabad, K. (2019). Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo culture of three cultivars of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendi.). Flower and Ornamental Plants, 4(1), 47-61. (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/flowerjournal.4.1.47]
152. Finch-Savage, W.E., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. New Phytologist, 171, 501-523. [DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x]
153. Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi, T., Steber, C. (2008). Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 387-415. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092740]
154. Fleming-Hayes, R. Zlesak, D.C. (2015). Iris, Yard and Garden. University of Minnesota Extension, http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/flowers/iris/.
155. Hajizadeh, M., Ugur Yildirim, M., Mokhtarzadeh, S., Sarihan E.S., Khawar, M. (2019). Breaking of seed dormancy in Iris suaveolens Boiss. et Reuter Under in vitro Conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(4), 15-24. [DOI:10.24326/asphc.2019.4.2]
156. Holloway, P.S. (1987(. Seed germination of Alaska Iris, Iris setose ssp. Interior. HortScience, 22, 898-899. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.5.898]
157. Jangjoo, M. B., Tavakoli, M. (2009). Study of seed germination in 10 plant of species of desert and grassland. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 15(2), 215-226. (In Persian).
158. Jones, K.D. Kaye, T.N. (2014). Factors influencing germination of a functionally important grassland plant, Iris tenax, PLoS ONE, 9(2), e90084. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090084]
159. Karimian, Z. (2016). Native plants in urban landscape. Flower and Ornamental Plants, 1(1): 78-86. (In Persian).
160. Khosh-Khui, M. (2010). Plant Propagation: Principle and Practice. Translated. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davis, F.T. Shiraz University Press. Volume 1. 373 pp.
161. Kukula-Koch, W., Sieniawska E., Widelski J., Urjin O., Głowniak P., Kalicka-Woźniak K. (2015). Major secondary metabolites of Iris spp. Phytochemistry Reviews, 14(1), 51-80. [DOI:10.1007/s11101-013-9333-1]
162. Lee, E., Jeachul, K. (2002). Improvement of seed germination in native Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn. (In Korean). Korean Journal Horticultural Science Technology, 20(4), 341-351.
163. Lim T. K. (2016). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11 Modified stems, roots and bulbs, Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland, pp. 3 -28. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-26065-5]
164. Lu, M.Y., Du, Y., Bi, X.Y. (2017). Study on seed dormancy and germination characteristics with five species of wild apogons Iris. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 37, 1823-1830.
165. Memariani, F., Joharchi, M.R. (2017). Iris ferdowsii (Iridaceae), a new species of section Regelia from northeast of Iran. Phytotaxa, 291(3), 192-200. [DOI:10.11646/phytotaxa.291.3.3]
166. Mohebbi, J., Jamzad, Z., Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2016). The conservation status of six endemic Satureja species in Iran. Iran Nature, 1(1), 74-79. (In Persian).
167. Moradi, H., Azizi, M., Roshan, V., Aroiee, H. (2018). Evaluation of cardinal temperatures for seed germination of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss., a Native Medicinal Plant of Iran. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(1), 1-11. (In Persian).
168. Morgan, M.D. (1990). Seed germination characteristics of Iris virginica. American Midland Naturalist, 124, 209-213. [DOI:10.2307/2426170]
169. Nichols, G.E. (1934). The influence of exposure to winter temperatures upon seed germination in various Native American plants. Ecology, 15, 364-373. [DOI:10.2307/1932351]
170. Orhan, I., Nasim, S., Sener, B., Ayanoglu, F., Özgüven, M., Choudhary, Atta-ur-Rahman. M.I. (2003). Two isoflavones and bioactivity spectrum of the crude extracts of Iris germanica rhizomes. Phytotherapy Research. 17, 575-577. [DOI:10.1002/ptr.1169]
171. Pirasteh-Anosheh, H. (2020). Breaking seed dormancy of camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) using different treatments and salinity tolerance threshold level evaluation at germination stage. Iranian Journal of Seed Research, 7(1): 181-192. [DOI:10.29252/yujs.7.1.181]
172. Rahman, A.U., Nasim, S., Baig, I., Jalil, S., Orhan, I., Sener, B. Choudhary, M.I. (2003). Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86, 177-180. [DOI:10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00055-2]
173. Rajjou, M., Duval, K., Gallardo, J., Catusse, J., Bally, C., Job, D. (2012). Seed germination and vigor. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63, 507-533. [DOI:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105550]
174. Rostami, A.A. Shahsavar, A. (2009). Effects of seed scarification on seed germination and early growth of olive seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(8), 825-828. [DOI:10.3923/jbs.2009.825.828]
175. Salehi, M., Shoor, M. Tehranifar, A., Samiei, L. (2018). Evaluation of different treatments to improve germination of Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture), 41(3), 105-117. (In Persian).
176. Smith, C.R., Herman, D. (2008). Iris, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating, 1M-3-05; 900-3-08, H-113 (Revised).
177. Sun, Y.C., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, K., Qiu, X.J. (2006). NaOH scarification and stratification improve germination of Iris lactea var. chinensis seed. HortScience, 41, 773-774. [DOI:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.773]
178. Voli, S., Dorman, M. (2019). Effects of soil type, period of burial and moisture levels on the germination of Oncocyclus iris seeds. Plant Ecology, 220, 1021-1028. [DOI:10.1007/s11258-019-00971-8]
179. Wang, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, C. (2010). Flavonoids of the genus Iris (Iridaceae). Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 10, 643-661. [DOI:10.2174/138955710791384027]
180. Wee, D. )2004(. Stratification and priming may improve seed germination of purple coneflower, blue-flag iris and evening primrose. Acta Horticulturae, 629, 391-395. [DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.50]
181. Wilson, C.A. (2004). Phylogeny of Iris based on chloroplast matK gene and trnK intron sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33, 402-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.013]
182. Wilson, C.A., Padiernos, J., Sapir, Y. (2016). The royal irises (Iris subg. Iris sect. Oncocyclus): Plastid and low-copy nuclear data contribute to an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships. Taxon, 65(1), 35-46. [DOI:10.12705/651.3]
183. Zarska-Maciejewskanal, B. Lewak, T. (1976). The role of lipases in the removal of dormancy in apple seeds. Planta, 132(2), 177-181. [DOI:10.1007/BF00388900]
184. Zhang, G., Yanfang, L.I. Tianming, H.U. (2010). Effects of sodium hydroxide and cold stratifying treatments on germination of Kobresia seeds. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 12, 19-32.
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Safari N, Tehranifar A, Kharrazi M, Shoor M. Evaluation of the characteristics of Iris ferdowsii seed germination, a new species, in danger of extinction and native to Iran. FOP 2022; 7 (1) :27-40
URL: http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-219-fa.html

صفری نسیم، تهرانی فر علی، خرازی سیده مهدیه، شور محمود. ارزیابی تنژگی بذر زنبق فردوسی (Iris ferdowsii)، گونه‌‌ا‌‌‌‌ی جدید، در معرض خطر انقراض و بومی ایران. گل و گیاهان زینتی. 1401; 7 (1) :27-40

URL: http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-219-fa.html



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