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:: دوره 7، شماره 1 - ( بهار و تابستان 1401 ) ::
جلد 7 شماره 1 صفحات 62-41 برگشت به فهرست نسخه ها
مطالعه بوم شناسی فردی لاله (Tulipa spp.) در منطقه حفاظت‌‌شده آرک و گرنگ استان خراسان‌‌جنوبی
فاطمه نخعی*
دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی واحد بیرجند
چکیده:   (1096 مشاهده)
لاله با نام علمی Tulipa spp. از تیره سوسن‌‌سانان، گیاهی سوخوار و زینتی است که در مناطق مختلف ایران به صورت خودرو می‌‌‌‌‌‌روید. پژوهش حاضر با هدف پی بردن به ویژگی‌‌های رویشگاهی و تقویم زندگی لاله در زیست بوم منطقه حفاظت ‌‌شده آرک و گرنگ شهرستان بیرجند به مدت دو سال پی‌‌در‌‌پی انجام گرفت. برای تعیین فراوانی و تراکم از روش تصادفی ساده استفاده شد. ویژگی‌‌های اقلیمی، خاکی، تقویم زندگی، ویژگی های ریخت شناسی و نحوه زاد‌‌آوری گیاه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که لاله در رویشگاه آرک و گرنگ با میانگین بارش سالانه 175میلی‌‌متر و میانگین دمای سالانه 2/14 درجه سلسیوس رویش دارد. گونه‌‌های لاله T. lehmanniana و T. biflora در ناحیه دشتی و گونهT. undulatifolia subsp. micheliana در ناحیه کوهستانی رویشگاه مشاهده شدند. بر اساس نتایج، فراوانی و تراکم لاله در منطقه دشتی به ترتیب، 39 % و 1120 بوته در هکتار بود. 27% لاله‌‌ها از گونه  T. biflora و 73% از گونه  T. lehmanniana بودند. فراوانی و تراکم لاله T. undulatifolia  subsp. micheliana در منطقه کوهستانی 15% و 405 بوته در هکتار بود. بررسی فنولوژیک نشان داد که زمان شروع رشد رویشی لاله در سال‌‌های مختلف زیر تاثیر بارندگی بوده و با افزایش دما از نیمه تا اواخر اردیبهشت وارد دوره خفتگی می‌‌شود. سوخک در اطراف سوخ اصلی مشاهده نشد و بذرها پس از سرمادهی مرطوب تنژیدند. بنابراین به احتمال زیاد افزایش لاله در رویشگاه به روش بذر انجام می‌‌شود. 
واژه‌های کلیدی: اکولوژی، تقویم زندگی، لاله، مورفولوژی، رویشگاه
متن کامل [PDF 1564 kb]   (315 دریافت)    
نوع مطالعه: پژوهشي | موضوع مقاله: تخصصي
دریافت: 1400/11/22 | پذیرش: 1401/2/2 | انتشار: 1401/7/10
فهرست منابع
1. رفرنس های متنی مثل خروجی کراس رف را در اینجا وارد کرده و تایید کنید -------------Abarsaji, G.H., Mahdavi, M., Jouri, M. H. (2015). Some ecological characteristics of Frankenia hirsuta in saline rangelands of Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(2), 308-318 (In Persian).
2. Ahmadi, E., Jafarian, Z., Zali, H., Ahmadi, A. (2015). Comparison ecological properties of Helichrysum aucheri Boiss and H. globiferum in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Journal of plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(5), 907-918 (In Persian).
3. Amery, E., Rabbani Nasb, A., Jalilvand, R., Emni, M. (2012). Investigation of phenological stages, effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and density and time stage of flower harvest on flower yield and amount of active ingredients of calandula. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4, 57-66 (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.5.S5.57]
4. Asaadi, A. M., Khoshnod Yazdi, A. (2016). The autecological characteristics of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov medicinal plant in North East Rangelands of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(6), 85-90.
5. Azarnivand, H., Jafari, M., Alikhah Asl, M., Dastmalchi, H., Safari, J. (2016). The Autecology Stogy Study of (Pervoskia abratanoides) in Kashan. Biaban Journal, 11(1), 19-25.
6. Christenhusz, M.J., Govaerts, R., David, J.C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P.S., Tuomisto, A., Buerki, S., Chas, M.W., Fay, M.F. (2013). Tiptoe through the tulips-cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 280-328. [DOI:10.1111/boj.12061]
7. Fakhireh, A., Shahriary, E., Mansory, S., Noori, S., Pahlavanravy, A. (2010). Autecology study of Desmostachiya bipinnata in Sistan plain. Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), 60-71 (In Persian).
8. Fattahi, M., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F., Zamani, Z. (2013). Autecology of Dracocephalum kotschyi bioss. in Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2), 325-342 (In Persian).
9. Gashi, B., Osmani, M., Aliu, S. (2019). Breaking seed dormancy of Tulipa scardica Bornm. Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi by pre-chilling, plant growth regulators and some chemical treatments. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 113(2), 203-210. [DOI:10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.1]
10. Pourkhaloee, A., Khosh-Khui, M., Arens, P., Salehi, H., Razi, H., Niazi, A., Afsharifar, A.R., Tuyl, J.V. (2017). Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian tulips revealed by EST-SSR and NBS-LRR markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 167-182.
11. Kutlunina, N. A., Polezhaeva, M. A., Permyakova, M. V. (2013). Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between Tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae). Russian Journal of Genetics, 49(4), 401-410. [DOI:10.1134/S1022795413040091]
12. Matin, F. (1997). Tulips of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 112p (In Persian).
13. Moravcova, L., Pysek, P., Krinke, L., Pergl, J., Perglova I., K. Thompson. (2007). Seed germination, dispersal and seed bank in Heracleum mantegazzianum. CABI International, 74- 91. [DOI:10.1079/9781845932060.0074]
14. Rouhi, H.R., Karimi, F.A., Shahbodaghlo A.R., Sheikhalian M., Rahmatabadi R., Samadi M., Karimi, F. (2012). Effects of sulfuric acid, stratification, phytohormone and potassium nitrate on dormancy breaking and germination of water lily tulip (Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel.). International Journal of AgriScience, 2(2), 136-142.
15. Salar, A., Jamzad, Z., Tavasoli, A. (2010). Anatomy of the bulbs of Tulipa L. species (Liliaceae) from Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 1(2): 45-56 (In Persian).
16. Soykan, S., Meriç, C. (2012). Morphological and anatomical studies of Tulipa orphanidea (Liliaceae). Phytologia Balcanica, 18(1), 43-48.
17. Veldkamp, J.F., Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2012). The infrageneric nomenclature of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298, 87-92. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0]
18. Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003]
19. Zare Kia, S., Omidbaigi, R. (2006). Autecology of Milk Thistle (Silybun marianum) in Behdasht region of Noor. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(2), 135-139.
20. Zonneveld, B. (2009). The systematic value of nuclear genome size for all species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematic and Evolution, 281, 217-245. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-009-0203-7]
21. Abarsaji, G.H., Mahdavi, M., Jouri, M. H. (2015). Some ecological characteristics of Frankenia hirsuta in saline rangelands of Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(2), 308-318 (In Persian).
22. Ahmadi, E., Jafarian, Z., Zali, H., Ahmadi, A. (2015). Comparison ecological properties of Helichrysum aucheri Boiss and H. globiferum in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Journal of plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(5), 907-918 (In Persian).
23. Amery, E., Rabbani Nasb, A., Jalilvand, R., Emni, M. (2012). Investigation of phenological stages, effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and density and time stage of flower harvest on flower yield and amount of active ingredients of calandula. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4, 57-66 (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.5.S5.57]
24. Asaadi, A. M., Khoshnod Yazdi, A. (2016). The autecological characteristics of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov medicinal plant in North East Rangelands of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(6), 85-90.
25. Azarnivand, H., Jafari, M., Alikhah Asl, M., Dastmalchi, H., Safari, J. (2016). The Autecology Stogy Study of (Pervoskia abratanoides) in Kashan. Biaban Journal, 11(1), 19-25.
26. Christenhusz, M.J., Govaerts, R., David, J.C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P.S., Tuomisto, A., Buerki, S., Chas, M.W., Fay, M.F. (2013). Tiptoe through the tulips-cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 280-328. [DOI:10.1111/boj.12061]
27. Fakhireh, A., Shahriary, E., Mansory, S., Noori, S., Pahlavanravy, A. (2010). Autecology study of Desmostachiya bipinnata in Sistan plain. Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), 60-71 (In Persian).
28. Fattahi, M., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F., Zamani, Z. (2013). Autecology of Dracocephalum kotschyi bioss. in Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2), 325-342 (In Persian).
29. Gashi, B., Osmani, M., Aliu, S. (2019). Breaking seed dormancy of Tulipa scardica Bornm. Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi by pre-chilling, plant growth regulators and some chemical treatments. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 113(2), 203-210. [DOI:10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.1]
30. Pourkhaloee, A., Khosh-Khui, M., Arens, P., Salehi, H., Razi, H., Niazi, A., Afsharifar, A.R., Tuyl, J.V. (2017). Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian tulips revealed by EST-SSR and NBS-LRR markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 167-182.
31. Kutlunina, N. A., Polezhaeva, M. A., Permyakova, M. V. (2013). Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between Tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae). Russian Journal of Genetics, 49(4), 401-410. [DOI:10.1134/S1022795413040091]
32. Matin, F. (1997). Tulips of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 112p (In Persian).
33. Moravcova, L., Pysek, P., Krinke, L., Pergl, J., Perglova I., K. Thompson. (2007). Seed germination, dispersal and seed bank in Heracleum mantegazzianum. CABI International, 74- 91. [DOI:10.1079/9781845932060.0074]
34. Rouhi, H.R., Karimi, F.A., Shahbodaghlo A.R., Sheikhalian M., Rahmatabadi R., Samadi M., Karimi, F. (2012). Effects of sulfuric acid, stratification, phytohormone and potassium nitrate on dormancy breaking and germination of water lily tulip (Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel.). International Journal of AgriScience, 2(2), 136-142.
35. Salar, A., Jamzad, Z., Tavasoli, A. (2010). Anatomy of the bulbs of Tulipa L. species (Liliaceae) from Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 1(2): 45-56 (In Persian).
36. Soykan, S., Meriç, C. (2012). Morphological and anatomical studies of Tulipa orphanidea (Liliaceae). Phytologia Balcanica, 18(1), 43-48.
37. Veldkamp, J.F., Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2012). The infrageneric nomenclature of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298, 87-92. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0]
38. Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003]
39. Zare Kia, S., Omidbaigi, R. (2006). Autecology of Milk Thistle (Silybun marianum) in Behdasht region of Noor. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(2), 135-139.
40. Zonneveld, B. (2009). The systematic value of nuclear genome size for all species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematic and Evolution, 281, 217-245. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-009-0203-7]
41. Abarsaji, G.H., Mahdavi, M., Jouri, M. H. (2015). Some ecological characteristics of Frankenia hirsuta in saline rangelands of Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(2), 308-318 (In Persian).
42. Ahmadi, E., Jafarian, Z., Zali, H., Ahmadi, A. (2015). Comparison ecological properties of Helichrysum aucheri Boiss and H. globiferum in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Journal of plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(5), 907-918 (In Persian).
43. Amery, E., Rabbani Nasb, A., Jalilvand, R., Emni, M. (2012). Investigation of phenological stages, effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and density and time stage of flower harvest on flower yield and amount of active ingredients of calandula. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4, 57-66 (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.5.S5.57]
44. Asaadi, A. M., Khoshnod Yazdi, A. (2016). The autecological characteristics of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov medicinal plant in North East Rangelands of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(6), 85-90.
45. Azarnivand, H., Jafari, M., Alikhah Asl, M., Dastmalchi, H., Safari, J. (2016). The Autecology Stogy Study of (Pervoskia abratanoides) in Kashan. Biaban Journal, 11(1), 19-25.
46. Christenhusz, M.J., Govaerts, R., David, J.C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P.S., Tuomisto, A., Buerki, S., Chas, M.W., Fay, M.F. (2013). Tiptoe through the tulips-cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 280-328. [DOI:10.1111/boj.12061]
47. Fakhireh, A., Shahriary, E., Mansory, S., Noori, S., Pahlavanravy, A. (2010). Autecology study of Desmostachiya bipinnata in Sistan plain. Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), 60-71 (In Persian).
48. Fattahi, M., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F., Zamani, Z. (2013). Autecology of Dracocephalum kotschyi bioss. in Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2), 325-342 (In Persian).
49. Gashi, B., Osmani, M., Aliu, S. (2019). Breaking seed dormancy of Tulipa scardica Bornm. Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi by pre-chilling, plant growth regulators and some chemical treatments. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 113(2), 203-210. [DOI:10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.1]
50. Pourkhaloee, A., Khosh-Khui, M., Arens, P., Salehi, H., Razi, H., Niazi, A., Afsharifar, A.R., Tuyl, J.V. (2017). Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian tulips revealed by EST-SSR and NBS-LRR markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 167-182.
51. Kutlunina, N. A., Polezhaeva, M. A., Permyakova, M. V. (2013). Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between Tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae). Russian Journal of Genetics, 49(4), 401-410. [DOI:10.1134/S1022795413040091]
52. Matin, F. (1997). Tulips of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 112p (In Persian).
53. Moravcova, L., Pysek, P., Krinke, L., Pergl, J., Perglova I., K. Thompson. (2007). Seed germination, dispersal and seed bank in Heracleum mantegazzianum. CABI International, 74- 91. [DOI:10.1079/9781845932060.0074]
54. Rouhi, H.R., Karimi, F.A., Shahbodaghlo A.R., Sheikhalian M., Rahmatabadi R., Samadi M., Karimi, F. (2012). Effects of sulfuric acid, stratification, phytohormone and potassium nitrate on dormancy breaking and germination of water lily tulip (Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel.). International Journal of AgriScience, 2(2), 136-142.
55. Salar, A., Jamzad, Z., Tavasoli, A. (2010). Anatomy of the bulbs of Tulipa L. species (Liliaceae) from Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 1(2): 45-56 (In Persian).
56. Soykan, S., Meriç, C. (2012). Morphological and anatomical studies of Tulipa orphanidea (Liliaceae). Phytologia Balcanica, 18(1), 43-48.
57. Veldkamp, J.F., Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2012). The infrageneric nomenclature of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298, 87-92. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0]
58. Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003]
59. Zare Kia, S., Omidbaigi, R. (2006). Autecology of Milk Thistle (Silybun marianum) in Behdasht region of Noor. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 22(2), 135-139.
60. Zonneveld, B. (2009). The systematic value of nuclear genome size for all species of Tulipa L. (Liliaceae). Plant Systematic and Evolution, 281, 217-245. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-009-0203-7]
61. Abarsaji, G.H., Mahdavi, M., Jouri, M. H. (2015). Some ecological characteristics of Frankenia hirsuta in saline rangelands of Golestan Province. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 22(2), 308-318 (In Persian).
62. Ahmadi, E., Jafarian, Z., Zali, H., Ahmadi, A. (2015). Comparison ecological properties of Helichrysum aucheri Boiss and H. globiferum in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Journal of plant Researches (Iranian Journal of Biology), 28(5), 907-918 (In Persian).
63. Amery, E., Rabbani Nasb, A., Jalilvand, R., Emni, M. (2012). Investigation of phenological stages, effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and density and time stage of flower harvest on flower yield and amount of active ingredients of calandula. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 4, 57-66 (In Persian). [DOI:10.29252/jnkums.4.5.S5.57]
64. Asaadi, A. M., Khoshnod Yazdi, A. (2016). The autecological characteristics of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov medicinal plant in North East Rangelands of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 4(6), 85-90.
65. Azarnivand, H., Jafari, M., Alikhah Asl, M., Dastmalchi, H., Safari, J. (2016). The Autecology Stogy Study of (Pervoskia abratanoides) in Kashan. Biaban Journal, 11(1), 19-25.
66. Christenhusz, M.J., Govaerts, R., David, J.C., Hall, T., Borland, K., Roberts, P.S., Tuomisto, A., Buerki, S., Chas, M.W., Fay, M.F. (2013). Tiptoe through the tulips-cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 172, 280-328. [DOI:10.1111/boj.12061]
67. Fakhireh, A., Shahriary, E., Mansory, S., Noori, S., Pahlavanravy, A. (2010). Autecology study of Desmostachiya bipinnata in Sistan plain. Journal of Rangeland, 4(1), 60-71 (In Persian).
68. Fattahi, M., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F., Zamani, Z. (2013). Autecology of Dracocephalum kotschyi bioss. in Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2), 325-342 (In Persian).
69. Gashi, B., Osmani, M., Aliu, S. (2019). Breaking seed dormancy of Tulipa scardica Bornm. Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi by pre-chilling, plant growth regulators and some chemical treatments. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 113(2), 203-210. [DOI:10.14720/aas.2019.113.2.1]
70. Pourkhaloee, A., Khosh-Khui, M., Arens, P., Salehi, H., Razi, H., Niazi, A., Afsharifar, A.R., Tuyl, J.V. (2017). Genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian tulips revealed by EST-SSR and NBS-LRR markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 167-182.
71. Kutlunina, N. A., Polezhaeva, M. A., Permyakova, M. V. (2013). Morphologic and AFLP analysis of relationships between Tulip species Tulipa biebersteiniana (Liliaceae). Russian Journal of Genetics, 49(4), 401-410. [DOI:10.1134/S1022795413040091]
72. Matin, F. (1997). Tulips of Iran. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, 112p (In Persian).
73. Moravcova, L., Pysek, P., Krinke, L., Pergl, J., Perglova I., K. Thompson. (2007). Seed germination, dispersal and seed bank in Heracleum mantegazzianum. CABI International, 74- 91. [DOI:10.1079/9781845932060.0074]
74. Rouhi, H.R., Karimi, F.A., Shahbodaghlo A.R., Sheikhalian M., Rahmatabadi R., Samadi M., Karimi, F. (2012). Effects of sulfuric acid, stratification, phytohormone and potassium nitrate on dormancy breaking and germination of water lily tulip (Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel.). International Journal of AgriScience, 2(2), 136-142.
75. Salar, A., Jamzad, Z., Tavasoli, A. (2010). Anatomy of the bulbs of Tulipa L. species (Liliaceae) from Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 1(2): 45-56 (In Persian).
76. Soykan, S., Meriç, C. (2012). Morphological and anatomical studies of Tulipa orphanidea (Liliaceae). Phytologia Balcanica, 18(1), 43-48.
77. Veldkamp, J.F., Zonneveld, B.J.M. (2012). The infrageneric nomenclature of Tulipa (Liliaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298, 87-92. [DOI:10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0]
78. Walkley, A., Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. [DOI:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003]
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nakhaei F. Study of autecology of tulip (Tulipa spp.) in Ark and Gorong protected area in Khorasan Jonoobi province. FOP 2022; 7 (1) :41-62
URL: http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-220-fa.html

نخعی فاطمه. مطالعه بوم شناسی فردی لاله (Tulipa spp.) در منطقه حفاظت‌‌شده آرک و گرنگ استان خراسان‌‌جنوبی. گل و گیاهان زینتی. 1401; 7 (1) :41-62

URL: http://flowerjournal.ir/article-1-220-fa.html



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دوره 7، شماره 1 - ( بهار و تابستان 1401 ) برگشت به فهرست نسخه ها
گل و گیاهان زینتی Flower and Ornamental Plants
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